Ali, A. and Rizvi, P. Q. 2007. Age specific survival and fecundity table of Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on different aphid species, Annals of Plant Protection Sciences, 15: 329-334.
Ali, A. and Rizvi, P. Q. 2009. Life table studies of Menochilus sexmaculatus Fabr. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) at varying temperature on Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. World Applied Sciences Journal, 7: 897-901.
Al-Zyoud, F., Tort, N. and Sengonca, C. 2005. Influence of host plant species of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hom., Aleyrodidae) on some of the biological and ecological characteristics of the entomophagous Serangium parcesetosum Sicard (Col, Coccinellidae). Journal of Pest Science, 78: 25-30.
Amir-Maafi, M. and Chi, H. 2006. Demography of Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on two pyralid hosts (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 99: 84-90.
An, R. J., Li, X. W., Zhang, J. X. and Zhang, L. J. 2000. Study on bionomics of Hippodamia variegata (Goeze). Journal Zhelimu Animal Husbandry College, 10: 14-16.
Babu, A. 1999. Influence of prey species on feeding preference, postembryonic development and reproduction of Coccinella transversalis F. (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera). Entomon, 24: 221-228.
Bai, Y. Y., Jiang, M. X. and Cheng, J. A. 2005. Effects of transgenic cry1Ab rice pollen on fitness of Propylea japonica (Thunberg). Journal of Pest Science, 75: 123-128.
Bellows, T. S., van Driesche, R. G. and Elkinton, J. S. 1992. Life table construction and analysis in the evaluation of natural enemies. Annual Review of Entomology, 37: 587-614.
Birch, L. C. 1948. The intrinsic rate of natural increase in an insect population. Journal of Animal Ecology, 17: 15-26.
Boeckh, R. 1890. Die statistische Messung der ehelichen Fruchtbarkeit. In: Bulletin de l’Institut International de Statistique, vol. 5, first section.
Buchanan, G. A. 1996. Beneficial insects in the home yard and garden. Georgia Extension Publications and Bulletins, 1140: 1-5.
Cabral, S., Garcia, P. and Soares, A. O. 2008. Effects of pirimicarb, buprofezin and pymetrozine on survival, development and reproduction of Coccinella undecimpunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology, 18: 307-318.
Carey, J. R. and Vargas, R. I. 1985. Demographic analysis of insect mass rearing: a case study of three tephritids. Journal of Economic Entomology, 78: 523-527.
Carey, J. R. 1993. Applied Demography for Biologists with Special Emphasis on Insects. Oxford University Press, New York.
Chi, H. 2013. TWOSEX-MSChart: a computer program for the age-stage, two-sex life table analysis. Available on:
http://quarantine.entomol.nchu.edu.tw/Ecology/Download/TWOSEX MSChart.rar.
Chi, H. 1988. Life-table analysis incorporating both sexes and variable development rates among individuals. Environmental Entomology, 17: 26-34.
Chi, H. and Liu, H. 1985. Two new methods for the study of insect population ecology. Bulletin of the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica, 24: 225-240.
Chi, H. and Su, H. Y. 2006. Age-stage, two-sex life tables of Aphidius gifuensis (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and its host Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) with mathematical proof of the relationship between female fecundity and the net reproductive rate. Environmental Entomology, 35: 10-21.
Chi, H. and Yang, T. C. 2003. Two-sex life table and predation rate of Propylaea japonica Thunberg (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) fed on Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae). Environmental Entomology, 32: 327-333.
Dillwith, J. W., Neese, P. A. and Brigham, D. L. 1993. Lipid biochemistry in aphids. In: Stanley-Samuelson D. W. and Nelson. D. R (Eds.), Insect Lipids: Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Biology. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, pp 389-434.
Efron, B. and Tibshirani, R. J. 1993. An Introduction to the Bootstrap. Chapman and Hall, New York.
ElHag, E. A. and Zaitoon, A. A. 1996. Biological parameters for four coccinellid species in Central Saudi Arabia. Biological Control, 7: 316-319.
Evans, E. W., Richards, D. R. and Kalaskar, A. 2004. Using food for different purposes: female responses to prey in the predator Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Ecological Entomology, 29: 27-34.
Fan, G. H., Liu, B. X., Song, Q. B. and Ma, G. R. 1995. Studies on biology of Adonia variegata Goeze. Entomological Journal of East China, 4: 70-74.
Fan, G. H. and Zhao, J. F. 1988. Functional response of Adonia variegata (Goeze) (Coleop: Coccinellidae) to cotton aphids. Natural Enemies Insects, 10: 187-190.
Farhadi, R., Allahyari, H. and Chi, H. 2011. Life table and predation capacity of Hippodamia variegata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) feeding on Aphis fabae (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Biological Control, 59: 83-89.
Febvay, G., Pageaux, J. F. and Bonnot, G. 1992. Lipid composition of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Homoptera: Aphididae), reared on host plant and on artificial media. Archives of Insect Biochemistry and Physiology, 21: 103-118.
Feng, H. Z., Wang, L., Xiong, R. C., Wang, B. and Ji, C. S. 2000. A study on the population dynamics and predacious function of Hippodamia (Adonia) variegata (Goeze). Entomological Knowledge, 37: 223-227.
Francis, F., Haubruge, E., Hastir, P. and Gaspar, C. 2001. Effect of aphid host plant on development and reproduction of the third trophic level, the predator Adalia bipunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Environmental Entomology, 30: 947-952.
Franzmann, B. A. 2002. Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), a predacious ladybird new in Australia. Australian Journal of Entomology, 41: 375-377.
Giles, K. L., Madden, R. D., Stockland, R., Payton, M. E. and Dillwith, J. W. 2002. Host plants affect predator fitness via the nutritional value of herbivore prey: investigation of a plant-aphid-ladybeetle system. Biocontrol, 47: 1-21.
Gilkeson, L. and Kelin, M. 2001. Natural enemies of insect pests. Cooperative Extension, Cornell University, Ithea, N. Y. P. 63.
Golizadeh, A. and Jafari-Behi, V. 2012. Biological traits and life table parameters of variegated lady beetle, Hippodamia variegata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on three aphid species. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 47: 199-205.
Goodman, D. 1982. Optimal life histories, optimal notation, and the value of reproductive value. American Naturalist, 119: 803-823.
Hodek, I. and Honek, A. 1996. Ecology of Coccinellidae, Boston: Kluwer Academic, 464 pp.
Huang, Y. B. and Chi, H. 2012a. Age-stage, two-sex life tables of Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae) with a discussion on the problem of applying female age-specific life tables to insect populations. Journal of Insect Science, 19: 263-273.
Huang, Y. B. and Chi, H. 2012b. Life tables of Bactrocera cucurbitae (Diptera: Tephritidae): with an invalidation of the jackknife technique. Journal of Applied Entomology, http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jen.12002.
Inayat, T. P., Rana, S. A., Rana, N., Ruby, T., Sadiqui, M. J. I. and Abbas, M. N. 2011. Predation rate in selected coccinellid (Coleoptera) predators on some major aphidid and cicadellid (hemipteran) pests. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 13: 427-430.
Istock, C. A. 1981. Natural selection and life history variation: theory plus lessons from a mosquito. In: Denno, R. F. and Dingle, H. (Eds.), Insect Life History Patterns: Habitat and Geographic Variation. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 113-127.
Kalushkov, P. and Hodek, I. 2001. New essential aphid prey for Anatis ocellata and Calvia quatuorde-cimguttata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology, 11: 35-39.
Kalushkov, P. and Hodek, I. 2004. The effects of thirteen species of aphids on some life history parameters of the ladybird Coccinella septempunctata. Biocontrol, 49: 21-32.
Kontodimas, D. C. and Stathas, G. J. 2005. Phenology, fecundity and life table parameters of the predator Hippodamia variegata reared on Dysaphis crataegi. Biocontrol, 50: 223-233.
Kuroda, T. and Miura, K. 2003. Comparison of the effectiveness of two methods for releasing Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) against Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae) on cucumbers in a greenhouse. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 38: 271-274.
Lanzoni, A., Accineli, G., Bazzocchi, G. and Burgio, G. 2004. Biological traits and life table of the exotic Harmonia axyridis compared with Hippodamia variegata, and Adalia bipunctata (Col, Coccinellidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 128: 298-306.
Leslie, P. H. 1945. On the use of matrices in certain population mathematics. Biometrika, 33: 183-212.
Lewis, E. G. 1942. On the generation and growth of a population. Sankhya, 6: 93-96.
Lido, P. and Carey, J. R. 1994. Mass rearing of Anastrepha (Dip: tephritidae). Fruit flies: a demographic analysisJournal of Economic Entomology, 87: 176-180.
Lotfalizadeh, H. 2001. Sex determination in some ladybirds (Col.: Coccinellidae) fauna of Moghan region. Journal of Entomological Society of Iran, 21: 69-88 (in Persian with English abstract).
Lundgren, J. G., Hesler, L. S., Tilmon, K., Dashiell, K. and Scott, R. 2009. Direct effects of soybean varietal selection and Aphis glycines-resistant soybeans on natural enemies. Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 3: 9-16.
Meyer, J. S., Ingersoll, C. G., McDonald, L. L. and Boyce, M. S. 1986. Estimating uncertainty in population growth rates: jackknife vs. bootstrap techniques. Ecology, 67: 1156-1166.
Michels, G. J. and Bateman, A. C. 1986. Larval biology of two imported predators of the greenbug, Hippodamia variegata Goeze and Adalia flavomaculata Degeer, under constant temperatures. Southwestern Entomologist, 11: 23-30.
Michels, G. J. and Flanders, R. V. 1992. Larval development, aphid consumption and oviposition for five imported coccinelids at constant temperature on Russian wheat aphids and greenbugs. Southwestern Entomologist, 17: 233-243.
Moser, S. E., Harwood, J. D. and Obrycki, J. J. 2008, Larval feeding on Bt hybrid and non-Bt corn seedlings by Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Environmental Entomology, 37: 525-533.
Omkar, S. and Bind, R. B. 2004. Prey quality dependent growth, development and reproduction of a biocontrol agent, Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabrcius) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology, 14: 665-673.
Omkar, S. and Srivastava, S. 2003. Influence of six aphid prey species on development and reproduction of a ladybird beetle, Coccinella septempunctata. Biocontrol, 48: 379-393.
Omkar, S. and James, B, E. 2004. Influence of prey species on immature survival, development, predation and reproduction of Coccinella transversalis Fabricius (Col, Coccinellidae). Journal of Applied Entomology, 128: 150-157.
Pang, B. P., Zhao, J. X,, Meng, R. X., Meng, H. W. and Yi, W. D. 2000 Predation of Adonia variegata (Goeze) on the wheat aphid, Macrosiphum avenae (F.): intraspecific interference and space heterogeneity. Journal of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, 21: 13-17.
Pervez, A. and Omkar, S. 2004. Prey-dependent life attributes of an aphidophagous ladybird beetle, Propylea dissecta (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology, 14: 385-396.
Price, P. W., Bouton, C. E., Gross, P., McPheron, B. A., Thompson, J. N. and Weis, A. E. 1980. Interactions among three trophic levels: influence of plant on interactions between insect herbivores and natural enemies. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, 11: 41-65.
Rü, B. L. and Mitsipa, A. 2000. Influence of the host plant of the cassava mealy bug Phenacoccus manihoti on life-history parameters of the predator Exochomus flaviventris. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 95: 209-212.
Seko, T., Yamashita, K. and Miura, K., 2008. Residence period of a flightless strain of the ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis Pallas (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in open fields. Biological Control, 47: 194-198.
Southwood, T. R. E. and Henderson, P. A. 2000. Ecological methods. Blackwell, Oxford.
SPSS Inc .2007. SPSS base 16.0 user’s guide. SPSS Incorporation, Chicago.
Takizawa, T., Yasuda, H. and Agarwala, B. K. 2000. Effects of parasitized aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) as food on larval performance of three predatory ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Applied Entomology and Zoology, 35: 467-472.
Thompson, S. N. 1999. Nutrition and culture of entomophagous insects. Annual Review of Entomology, 44: 561-592.
Trouve, C., Ledee, S., Ferran, A. and Brun, J. 1997. Biological control of the damson-hop aphid, Phorodon humuli (Hom.: Aphididae), using the ladybeetle Harmonia axyridis. Entomophaga, 42: 57-62.
Tsaganou, F. C., Hodgson, C. J., Athanassiou, C. G., Kavallieratos, N. G. and Tomanovic, Z. 2004. Effect of Aphis gossypii Glover, Brevicoryne brassicae (L.), and Megoura viciae Buckton (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea) on the development of the predator Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Biological Control, 31: 138-144.
Wang, Y. H., Liu, B. S., Fu, Z. H. and Gu, L. N. 1984. Studies on the life history and occurrence of Adonia variegata (Goeze). Entomological Knowledge, 21: 19-22.
William, F. L. 2002. Lady beetles. Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet, Horticulture and Crop Science. Division of Wildlife, 2021 Coffey Rd. Columbus, Ohio.
Wu, X. H., Zhou, X. R. and Pang, B. P. 2010. Influence of five host plants of Aphis gossypii Glover on some population parameters of Hippodamia variegata (Goeze). Journal of Pest Science, 83: 77-83.
Yu, J. Z., Chi, H. and Chen, B. H. 2005. Life table and predation of Lemnia biplagiata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) fed on Aphis gossypii (Homoptera: Aphididae) with a proof on relationship among gross reproduction rate, net reproduction rate, and preadult survivorship. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 98: 475-482.
Yu, J. Z., Chi, H. and Chen, B. H. 2013. Comparison of the life tables and predation rates of Harmonia dimidiata (F.) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) fed on Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) at different temperatures. Biological Control, 64: 1-9.
Zhang, S. Z., Jiang, R. X., Zhang, F., Xu, X. L. and Liu, T. X. 2010. Suitability of Aphis craccivora (Hemiptera:Aphididae) and Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) biotype-B as prey for Chrysopa pallens (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology, 20: 961-971.
