Acharya, B. K. and Vijayan, L. 2015. Butterfly diversity along the elevation gradient of eastern Himalaya, India. Ecol. Res. 30(5): 909-919. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-015-1292-0
Alarape, A.A., Omifolaji, J.K andMwansat, G.S. 2015. Butterfly Species Diversity and Abundance in University of Ibadan Botanical Garden, Nigeria. Open Journal of Ecology, 2015, 5, 352-360. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oje.2015.58029
Batary, P., Baldi, A. Kleijn, D. and Tscharntke, T. 2011. Landscape-moderated biodiversity effects of agri-environmental management: a meta-analysis. Proc. R. Soc. B. 278(1713): 1894-1902. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1923
Bauder, J. A. S., Handschuh, S. Metscher, B. D. and Krenn, H.W. 2013. Functional morphology of the feeding apparatus and evolution of proboscis length in metalmark butterflies (Lepidoptera: Riodinidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 110(2): 291-304. https://doi.org/10.1111/bij.12134
Benton, T. G., Vickery, J. A. and Wilson, J.D. 2003. Farmland biodiversity: is habitat heterogeneity the key? Trends Ecol. Evol. 18(4): 182-188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00011-9
Bernays, E. and Graham, M. 1988. On the evolution of host specificity in phytophagous arthropods. Ecology 69(4): 886-892. https://doi.org/10.2307/1941237
Bhuju, U. R., P. R. Shakya, T. B. Basnet and Shrestha, S. 2007. Nepal biodiversity resource book: protected areas, Ramsar sites, and World Heritage sites. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD).
Bhusal, D. R. and Khanal, B. 2008. Seasonal and altitudinal diversity of butterflies in eastern Siwalik of Nepal. J. Nat. Hist. Mus. 23: 82-87. https://doi.org/10.3126/jnhm.v23i0.1843
Blair, R. B. and Launer, A. E. 1997. Butterfly diversity and human land use: Species assemblages along an urban gradient. Biol. Conserv. 80(1): 113-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(96)00056-0
Blüthgen, N. and A. M. Klein. 2011. Functional complementarity and specialisation: the role of biodiversity in plant pollinator interactions. Basic Appl. Ecol. 12(4): 282-291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2010.11.001
Castro, A. and Espinosa, C.I. 2015. Seasonal diversity of butterflies and its relationship with woody-plant resources availability in an Ecuadorian tropical dry forest. Trop. Conserv. Sci. 8(2): 333-351. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F194008291500800205
Dahal, K. 2017. Butterfly Diversity in Madi Rambeni Area, Eastern Mid-Hill Region, Sankhuwasabha, Nepal (Doctoral dissertation, Institute of Science and Technology Tribhuvan University Kirtipur, Kathmandu).
Deb, M., S. Nautiyal, Sláma, P., Bhattacharjee, P. C. and Roychoudhury, S. 2015. Butterfly of Assam University Campus in Silchar: Can Academic Institutions Contribute to Conservation of Species Diversity in Northeastern Region of India. Acta. Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun. 63(3): 731-739. https://doi.org/10.11118/actaun201563030731
Dudley, R. and Adler, A. G. H. 1996. Biogeography of milkweed butterflies (Nymphalidae: Danainae) and mimetic patterns on tropical Pacific archipelagos. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 57(4): 317-326. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1996.tb01853.x
Durairaj, P. and Sinha, B. 2015. Review of butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) from Arunachal Pradesh: Conservation status and importance of research in protected areas. Zool. Future Edu. Res. 61-77.
Ekroos, J., M. Rundlöf and Smith, H. G. 2013. Trait-dependent responses of flower-visiting insects to distance to semi-natural grasslands and landscape heterogeneity. Landscape Ecol. 28(7): 1283-1292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980-013-9864-2
Eswaran, R. and Pramod, P. 2005. Structure of butterfly community of Anaikatty hills, Western Ghats. Zoos’ Print J. 20(8): 1939-1942. https://doi.org/10.11609/JOTT.ZPJ.1330.1939-42
Geiger, F., J. Bengtsson, F. Berendse, W. W. Weisser, M. Emmerson, M. B. Morales, P. Ceryngier, J. Liira, T. Tscharntke, C. Winqvist, S. Eggers, R. Bommarco, T. Part, V. Bretagnolle, M. Plantegenest, L. W. Clement, C. Dennis, C. Palmer, J. J. Onate, I. Guerrero, V. Hawro, T. Aavik, C., Thies, A., Flohre, Hanke, S., Fischer, C., Goedhart, P. W. and Inchausti, P. 2010. Persistent negative effects of pesticides on biodiversity and biological control potential on European farmland. Basic Appl. Ecol. 11(2): 97-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2009.12.001
Gutiérrez, D. and Menéndez, R. 1995. Distribution and abundance of butterflies in a mountain area in the northern Iberian Peninsula. Ecography 18(3): 209-216. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.1995.tb00123.x
Henry, M., M. Beguin, F. Requier, O. Rollin, J. F. Odoux, P. Aupinel, J. Aptel, S. Tschamchian, and A. Decourtye. 2012. A common pesticide decreases foraging success and survival in honey bees. Science 336(6079): 348-350. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1215039
Holzschuh, A., Steffan-Dewenter, I. and Tscharntke, T. 2008. Agricultural landscapes with organic crops support higher pollinator diversity. Oikos 117(3): 354-361. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2007.0030-1299.16303.x
Hoyle, M. and James, M. 2005. Global warming, human population pressure, and viability of the world's smallest butterfly. Conserv. Biol. 19(4): 1113-1124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00166.x
Islam, A. T. M. F., Islam, M. H., Rahman, M. M., Saifullah, A. S. M. and Yamanaka, A. 2015. Seasonal Abundance and distribution of Nymphalidae butterflies in deciduous forest of kaliakayer at Gazipur District, Bangladesh. Int. J. Fauna and Biol. Stud. 2(3): 79-83.
Jiggins, C. D., McMillan, W. O., Neukirchen, W. and Mallet, J. 1996. What can hybrid zones tell us about speciation? The case of Heliconius erato and H. himera (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 59(3): 221-242. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1996.tb01464.x
Kehimkar, I. 2016. Butterflies of India. Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai, 516pp.
Khanal, B., Chalise, M. K. and Solanki, G.S. 2013. Population status and threats of Phaedyma aspasia kathmandia Fujioka 1970 (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), an endemic subspecies of butterfly in Godavari Forest of Central Nepal. J. Nat. Hist. Mus. 27: 87-91. https://doi.org/10.3126/jnhm.v27i0.14157
Khanal, B., Shrestha, K. and Shrestha, M.K. 2014. Status Monitoring and Conservation Issues of Teinopalpus Imperialis Hope (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), an Endangered Butterfly of Nepal. J. Nat. Hist. Mus. 28: 49-56. https://doi.org/10.3126/jnhm.v28i0.14167
Khanal, B. 1982. Butterflies from Lamjung and Manang regions. J. Nat. Hist. Mus. 6(1): 79-95.
Khanal, B. 2006. The Late Season Butterflies of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Eastern Nepal. Our Nature 4(1): 42-47. https://doi.org/10.3126/on.v4i1.501
Khanal, B. 2008. Diversity and status of butterflies in lowland districts of west Nepal. J. Nat. Hist. Mus. 23: 92-97. https://doi.org/10.3126/jnhm.v23i0.1846
Krishnakumar, N., Kumaraguru, A., Thiyagesan, K. and Asokan, S. 2008. Diversity of papilonid butterflies in the Indira Gandhi wildlife sanctuary, Western Ghats, Southern India. Tigerpaper 35(1): 1-8.
Kunte, K. 2008. The Wildlife (Protection) Act and conservation prioritization of butterflies of the Western Ghats, southwestern India. Curr. Sci. 729-735. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24100626
Kunte, K. J. 1997. Seasonal patterns in butterfly abundance and species diversity in four tropical habitats in northern Western Ghats. J. Biosci. 22(5): 593-603. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02703397
Larsen, T. B. 1987. The butterflies of the Nilgiri mountains of southern India (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera). J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 84(1): 26-54.
Malabika, S. K. 2011. Impact of tropical forest degradation on nymphalid butterflies: A case study in Chandubi tropical forest, Assam, India. Int. J. Biodivers. Conserv. 3(12): 650-669.
Munyuli, M. B. 2012. Butterfly diversity from farmlands of central Uganda. Psyche 2012. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/481509
New, T. R., Pyle, R. M., Thomas, J. A., Thomas, C. D. and Hammond, P.C. 1995. Butterfly conservation management. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 40(1): 57-83.
Padhye, A. D, Dahanukar, N. Paingankar, M. Deshpande, M. and Deshpande, D. 2006. Season and landscape wise distribution of butterflies in Tamhini, northern Western
Ghats, India. Zoos’ Print J. 21(3): 2175-2181. https://doi.org/10.11609/JOTT.ZPJ.1142.2175-81
Parmesan, C., Ryrholm, N., Stefanescu, C., Hill, J. K., Thomas, C. D., Descimon, H., Thomas, J. A. and Warren, M. 1999. Poleward shifts in geographical ranges of butterfly species associated with regional warming. Nature 399(6736): 579-583. https://doi.org/10.1038/21181
Paudel, P. K., Bhattarai, B. P. and Kindlmann, P. 2012. An overview of the biodiversity in Nepal. Himalayan biodiversity in the changing world 1-40. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1802-9_1
Pollard, E. 1977. A method for assessing changes in the abundance of butterflies. Biol. Conserv. 12(2): 115-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(77)90065-9
Prajapati, B., Shrestha U. and Tamrakar, A.S. 2000. Diversity of butterfly in Daman area of Makawanpur district, central Nepal. Nepal J. Sci. Technol. 2(1): 71-76.
Pywell, R. F., Meek, W. R., Hulmes, L., Hulmes, S., James, K. L., Nowakowski, M. and Carvell, C. 2011. Management to enhance pollen and nectar resources for bumblebees and butterflies within intensively farmed landscapes. J. Insect Conserv. 15(6): 853-864. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-011-9383-x
Rai, D. 2017. Butterfly Diversity in Ghandruk Area of Mid-Mountain, Nepal (Doctoral dissertation, Central Department of Zoology Institute of Science and Technology Tribhuvan University Kirtipur, Kathmandu).
Raut, N. B., and Pendharkar, A. 2009. Butterfly (Rhopalocera) fauna of Maharashtra Nature Park, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Check List 6(1): 022-025. https://doi.org/10.15560/6.1.022
Robbins, R. K. and Opler, P.A. 1997. Butterfly diversity and a preliminary comparison with bird and mammal diversity. Biodiversity II: understanding and protecting our biological resources 69-82.
Rundlöf, M., Bengtsson, J. and Smith, H.G. 2008. Local and landscape effects of organic farming on butterfly species richness and abundance. J. Appl. Ecol. 45(3): 813-820. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01448.x
Sajan, K. C. and Pariyar, S. 2019. New evidence of Himalayan smallbanded flat Celaenorrhinus nigricans nigricans (de Nicéville, 1885) from Nepal. Int. J. Zool. Stud. 4(5): 55–57.
Sajan, K. C. 2020. Some new distribution records of hesperiid butterflies in Nepal. Bionotes 22(3): 190–194.
Sánchez-Bayo, F. and Wyckhuys, K.A. 2019. Worldwide decline of the entomofauna: A review of its drivers. Biol. Conserv. 232: 8-27.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2019.01.020
Sapkota, A., Sajan, K. C. and Pariyar, S. 2020. First record of Pantoporia sandaka davidsoni Eliot, 1969-Extra Lascar from Nepal. Int. J. Fauna Biol. Stud. 7(2): 24-26.
Sargent, R. D. and Ackerly, D.D. 2008. Plant–pollinator interactions and the assembly of plant communities. Trends Ecol. Evol. 23(3): 123-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2007.11.003
Sawchik, J., Dufrêne, M.and Lebrun, P. 2005. Distribution patterns and indicator species of butterfly assemblages of wet meadows in southern Belgium. Belg. J. Zool. 135(1): 43-52.
Shrestha, B. R., Sharma, M., Magar, K. T., Gaudel, P., Gurung, M. B. and Oli, B. 2018. Diversity and status of butterflies at different sacred forests of Kathmandu valley, Nepal. J. Entomol. Zool. Stud. 6(3): 1348-1356.
Smith, C., Sherpa, L. and Neupane, B. 2016. Butterflies of Begnas and Rupa watershed area. Pokhara, Nepal: LI-BIRD 178pp.
Smith, C. (Eds.) 1994. Butterflies of Nepal (Central Himalaya). Bangkok (Tecpress Service LP). 367pp.
Smith, C. 2006. Illustrated Checklist of Nepal’s Butterflies. Craftsman Press, Bangkok, 129pp.
Smith, C. 2011. Butterflies of Nepal in Natural Environment. Himalayan Map House (P.) Ltd. Basantapur, Kathmandu, Nepal, 144pp.
Smith, C. and Majupuria, T.C. 2006. Illustrated checklist of Nepal’s butterflies. Walden Book House.
Stefanescu, C., Torre, I., Jubany, j and Páramo, F. 2011. Recent trends in butterfly populations from north-east Spain and Andorra in the light of habitat and climate change. J. Insect Conserv. 15(1): 83-93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10841-010-9325-z
Subedi, B., Stewart, A. B. Neupane, B., Ghimire, S. and Adhikari, H. 2021b. Butterfly species diversity and their floral preferences in the Rupa Wetland of Nepal. Ecol. Evol. 11(5): 2086-2099. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.7177
Subedi, N., S. Bhattarai, S., Pandey, M.R., Kadariya, R., Thapa, S.K., Gurung, A., Prasai, A., Lamichhane, S., Regmi, R., Dhungana, M., Regmi, P.R., Paudel, R.P., Kumpakha, B., Shrestha, B., Gautam, B., Baral, R., Poudel, U., Yadav, S., Pariyar, S.and Lamichhane, B.R. 2021a. Report on Faunal Diversity in Chure Region of Nepal.
President Chure-Terai Madhesh Conservation Development Board and National Trust for Nature Conservation. Kathmandu, Nepal.
Suwal, S. P, Shrestha, B. Pandey, B. Shrestha, B., Nepali, P. L., Rokaya K. C. and Shrestha, B.R. 2019. Additional distribution records of the rare Nepal Comma Polygonia c-album agnicula (Moore, 1872)(Insecta: Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from Rara National Park, Nepal. J. Threat, Taxa 11(14): 14902-14905. https://doi.org/10.11609/jott.4899.11.14.14902-14905
Tamang, S. R., Joshi, A., Pandey, J., Raut, N. and Shrestha, B.R. 2019. Diversity of butterflies in eastern lowlands of Nepal. Friends of Nature, The Himalayan Naturalist 2(1): 3-10.
Thapa, G. (2008). Diversity of butterflies in the Thankot and Syuchatar VDCs of Kathmandu District (Doctoral dissertation, M. Sc. Thesis. Central Department of Zoology, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal).
Thomas, J. A. 1995. The ecology and conservation of Maculinea arion and other European species of large blue butterfly. In Ecology and Conservation of Butterflies, Springer, Dordrecht 180-197. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1282-6_13
Tiple, A. D., Deshmukh, V. P. and Dennis, D.L. 2005. Factors influencing nectar plant resource visits by butterflies on a university campus: implications for conservation. Nota Lepidopterologica 28(3/4): 213.
Tiple, A.D., Khurad, A. M. and Dennis, R.L. 2007. Butterfly diversity in relation to a human-impact gradient on an Indian university campus. Nota Lepidopterologica 30(1): 179.
Tiple, A. D. and Khurad, A.M. 2009. Butterfly species diversity, habitats and seasonal distribution in and around Nagpur City, central India. World J. Zool. 4(3): 153-162.
Tscharntke, T., Klein, A. M., Kruess, A., Steffan-Dewenter, I. and Thies, C. 2005. Landscape perspectives on agricultural intensification and biodiversity-ecosystem service management. Ecol. lett. 8(8): 857-874. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00782.x
Van Lien, V. and Yuan, D. 2003. The differences of butterfly (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea) communities in habitats with various degrees of disturbance and altitudes in tropical forests of Vietnam. Biodivers. Conserv. 12(6): 1099-1111. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023038923000
Wright, G. A. and Schiest, F.P. 2009. The evolution of floral scent: the influence of olfactory learning by insect pollinators on the honest signalling of floral rewards. Funct. Ecol. 23(5): 841-851. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2435.2009.01627.x