Involvement of protective enzymes and phenols in decay (Penicillium expansum) resistance in apple

Authors
Tahmineh Naeem-Abadi 1
Mansureh Keshavarzi 2
1 Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, Rafsanjan, Iran.
2 Horticultural Research Institute, Karaj, Iran.
10.48311/jcp.2016.1278
Abstract
Blue mold disease caused by Penicillium expansum is a major post-harvest disease of apples. In this research, the biochemical basis of apple resistance to this pathogen was studied in two relatively resistant and susceptible cultivars, Granny smith and Mashhad, respectively. The activities of catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes and polyphenol content were compared at different time intervals of 0 to 7 days. Based on the results, fruit polyphenol content of Granny smith was higher than that of Mashhad PPO, SOD and CAT activity was higher in Granny smith than Mashhad but CAT activity decreased three days post-treatment. No detectable difference was found in POX activities in the two cultivars. It is concluded that polyphenols contribute in apple resistance to blue mold. Activation of PPO and SOD, lack of POX activity and decrease of CAT activity, all together, could lead to a toxic environment around the blue mold fungus.
Keywords
Penicillium expansum
blue mold
Apple
pathogenesis-related protein
Baruah, B. P. and Chowfla, S. C. 1994. Physicochemical changes in healthy and turnip mosaic virus ordinary strains infected cauliflower. Indian Journal of Hill Farming, 71: 57-61.
Beers, Jr., R. F., Sizer, I. W. 1952. A spectrophotometric method for measuring the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalase. Journal Biological Chemistry, 95: 133-140.
Bracket. R. E. and Marth, E. H. 1979. Patulin in apple Juice form Roadside Stands in Wisconsin. Journal of Food Protection, 42: 862-3.
Bradford, M. M. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principles of protein-dye binding. Annals of Biochemistry, 72: 248-250.
Byrde, R. J. W., Fielding, A. H., and Williams, A. H. 1960. The role of oxidized polyphenols in the varietal resistance of apples to brown rot. In: Pridham, J. B. (Ed.), Phenolics in Plants in Health and Disease, Pergamon Press, London, pp. 95-99.
Cao, J., Jiang, W. and He, H. 2005. Induced resistance in Yali pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.) fruit against infection by Penicillium expansum by post-harvest infiltration of Acibenzolar-S-methyl. Phytopathology,153: 640-646.
Cappellini, R. A., Ceponis, M. J. and Lightner, G. W. 1987. Disorders in apple and pear shipments to the New York market, 1972-1984. Plant Disease,71: 852-856.
D’Abrosca, B., Pacifico, S., Cefarelli, G., Mastellone, C. and Fiorentino, A. 2007. ‘Limoncella’ apple, an Italian apple cultivar: phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity. Food Chemistry, 104: 1333-7.
Droby, S. and Chalutz, E. 1994. Mode of action of biocontrol agents for post-harvest diseases. In: Wilson, C. L. and Wisniewski, M. E. (Eds.), Biological Control of Post-Harvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables, Theory and Practice. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL., pp. 63-75.
Drogoudi Wolfe, K., Wu, X. and Liu, R. H. 2003. Antioxidant activity of apple peels. Agriculture and Food Chemistry 5: 609-14.
Eckert, J. W. and Ogawa, J. M. 1985. The chemical control of post-harvest diseases: subtropical and tropical fruits. Annual Review of Phytopathology,23: 421-454.
El Ghaouth, A., Wilson, C. L. and Wisniewski, M. 2003. Control of post-harvest decay of apple fruit with Candida saitoana and induction of defense responses. Phytopathology, 93: 344-348.
Janisiewicz, W. J. and Peterson, D. L. 2004. Susceptibility of stem pull area of mechanically harvested apples to blue mold decay and its control with biocontrol agent. Plant Disease, 88: 662-664.
Janisiewicz, W. J., Saftner, R. A., Conway, W. S. and Forsline, P. L. 2008. Preliminary evaluation of apple germplasm from Kazakhstan for resistance to post-harvest blue mold in fruit by Penicilluim expansum. Horticultural Sciences,43: 420-426.
Janisiewicz, W. J. and Korsten, L. 2002. Biological control of post-harvest disease of fruit. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 40: 411-441.
Jiang A. L., Tian, S. P., Xu, Y. 2002. Effects of controlled atmosphere with high CO2 concentartions on post-harvest physiology and storability of Napoleon sweet cherry. Acta Botanica Sinica, 44: 925-930.
Jones, A. L., and Aldwinckle, H. S. 1990. Compendium of Apple and Pear Diseases. American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, MN, 100 pp.
Kumar, N. N. U. 1991. Effect of mosaic virus on physiology of mulberry. Advances in Plant Sciences, 4: 183-185.
Lattanzio V., Veronica, M. T., Lattanzio and Cardinali, A. 2006. Role of phenolics in the resistance mechanisms of plants against fungal pathogens and insects. In: Imperato, F. (Ed.), Phytochemistry: Advances in Research, Research Signpost, Kerala, India.
Lattanzio, V., Di Venere, D., Linsalata, V., Bertolini, P., Ippolito, A. and Salerno, M. 2001. Low temperature metabolism of apple phenolics and quinscence of Phlyctaena vagabunds. Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 49: 5817-5821.
Li, L. and Steffens, J. C. 2002. Overexpression of polyphenol oxidase in transgenic tomato plants results in enhanced bacterial disease resistance. Planta, 215: 239-247.
Liu, H. M., Jiang, W., Bi, Y. and Luo, Y. 2005. Post-harvest BTH treatment induces resistance of peach (Prunus persica L. cv. jiubao) fruit to infection by Penicillium expansum and enhances activity of fruit defense mechanisms. Post-harvest Biology and Technology, 35: 263-269.
Lu, J. Y., Stevens, C., Khan, V. A., Kabye, M., and Wilson C. L. 1999. The effect of ultraviolet irradiation on shelf-life and ripening of peaches and apples. Food Quality, 14: 299-305.
Lurie, S. 1998. Post-harvest heat treatments of horticultural crops. Horticultural Review, 22: 91-121.
Mayer, U., Michalek, S., Treutter, D. and Feucht, W. 1997. Phenolic compounds of apple and their relationship to scab resistance. Journal of Phytopathology, 145: 69-75.
Mercier, J., Arul, J., Ponnampalam, R., and Boulet, M. 1993. Induction of 6-methoxymellein and resistance to storage pathogens in carrot slices by UV-C. Phytopathology, 137: 44-55.
Mittler, R. M. 2002. Oxidative stress, antioxidants and stress tolerance. Trends in Plant Sciences, 7: 405-410.
Naeem Abadi, T., Keshavarzi, M., Alaee, H., Hajnajari, H., and Hoseinava, S. 2014. Blue mold (Penicillium expansum) decay resistance in apple cultivars and its association with fruit physicochemical traits. Journal of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, 16: 635-644.
Pierson, C. F., Ceponis, M. J. and McColloch, L. P. 1971. Market Diseases of Apples, Pears, and Quinces. Agricultural Handbook, US Department of Agriculture, 376 pp.
Rodov, V., Ben-Yehoshua, S., Albaglis, R. and Fang, D. 1994. Accumulation of phytoalexins scoparone and scopoletin in citrus fruits subjected to various post-harvest treatments. Acta Horticulturae, 381: 517-523.
Ryalls, J., Neuenschwander, U., Willits, M., Molina, A., Steiner, H. Y., and Hunt, M. 1996. Systemic acquired resistance. The Plant Cell, 8: 1809-1819.
Sharma, P. N. and Chowfla, S. C. 1991. Some metabolic changes in Amaranthus caudatus L. infected with Amaranthus mosaic virus. Plant Disease Research, 6: 61-62.
Singleton, V. L., Orthofer, R. and Lamuela-Ravento´s, R. M.1999. Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Methods in Enzymology, 299: 152-178.
Spotts, R. A., Cervantes, L. A., and Mielke, E. A. 1999. Variability in Post-harvest decay among apple cultivars. Plant Disease, 83: 1051-1054.
Sticher, L., Mauch-Mani, B., and Metraux, J. P. 1997. Systemic acquired resistance. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 35: 235-270.
Torres, R., Valentines, M.C., Usall, J., Vi˜nas, I. and Larrigaudi`ere, C. 2003. Possible involvement of hydrogen peroxide in the development of resistance mechanism in ‘Golden Delicious’ apple fruit. Post-harvest Biology and Technology, 27: 235-242.
Wang, Y. S., Tian, S. P., Xu, Y., Qin, G. Z. and Yao, H. 2004. Changes in the activities of pro- and anti-oxidant enzymes in peach fruit inoculated with Cryptococcus laurentii or Penicillium expansum at 0 or 20 °C. Post-harvest Biology and Technology, 34: 21-28.
Wilson, C. L. and Wisniewski, M. E. 1994. Biological Control of Post-Harvest Disease of Fruit and Vegetables, Theory and Practice. CRC press, Boca Raton, FL., USA.
Zhu, X., Cao J., Wang, Q. and Jiang, W. 2008. Post-harvest infiltration of BTH reduces infection of mango fruits (Mangifera indica L. cv. tainong) by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and enhances resistance inducing compounds. Phytopathology, 156: 68-74.
Zhulong, C. and Shiping, T. 2006. Induction of H2O2-metabolizing enzymes and total protein synthesis by antagonistic yeast and salicylic acid in harvested sweet cherry fruit. Post-harvest Biology and Technology, 39: 314-320.
Journal of Crop Protection
Volume 5, Issue 3
September 2016
Pages 349-357