---

 
The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the most damaging tomato pests in the world and in Iran. The toxicity of acetamiprid, eforia (thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin) and hexaflumuron alone and in mixture with emamectin benzoate was studied against 4^th-instars of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) at 25 ± 2 °C, 65 ± 5% RH and 16:8 (L:D) h. Moreover, the mixtures of examined insecticides with emamectin benzoate at LC₁₅:LC₁₅ ratio were assessed on the general esterase enzyme activity and total protein content of 4^th-instars. The highest toxicity was found for emamectin benzoate after 72 h (LC₅₀ = 0.48 mg a.i./l), followed by acetamiprid (LC₅₀ = 46.94 mg a.i./l), eforia (LC₅₀ = 156.24 mg a.i/l) and hexaflumuron (LC₅₀ = 670.32 mg a.i/l). Mixing emamectin benzoate with acetamiprid at the ratio of LC₅₀:LC₅₀ and LC₂₅:LC₂₅ resulted in synergistic impacts while mix of two other ratios of the same pesticides represented additive influences. The mixture of emamectin benzoate with either hexaflumuron or eforia at all ratios created antagonistic and additive effects, respectively. Mixing emamectin benzoate with either acetamiprid or eforia increased larval esterase activity, however, there was no significant difference between emamectin benzoate in mixture with hexaflumuron and using it alone. Mixing emamectin benzoate with the examined insecticides considerably decreased the larval total protein content. Based on the findings of this work, the mixtures of eforia and acetamiprid with emamectin benzoate represented greater negative effects against 4^th-instars compared to emamectin benzoate alone and the control.
 

---

The two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is one of the most important pests of many crops worldwide. Combined tactics for pest management have a significant special effect on reducing pesticide use and maintaining the activity of natural enemies, which is the main objective of IPM programs. The effect of low-lethal concentrations of Eforia (24.7 SC, Syngenta Co.) at LC₅, LC₁₅, and LC₂₅ were investigated on biological parameters of Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae) under laboratory condition at 25 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 5% RH and 16:8 (L: D) h. The data were analyzed based on a two-sex life table procedure. The results showed that Eforia caused a significant reduction in fecundity (Control: 37.17; LC₂₅: 23.04 eggs/female) and total life span (Control: 42.67 days; LC₂₅: 24.65 days). The net reproductive rate (R₀) was 22.31, 20.12, 15.14, and 14.98 eggs/individual, respectively, at control, LC₅, LC₁₅, and LC₂₅. The maximum and minimum values for the intrinsic rate of increase (r) were recorded to be 0.17 (Control, LC_5, and LC₂₅) and 0.15 (LC₁₅) day^-1 for the treated mites. Based on the results, the application of low lethal concentrations of Eforia harms some biological parameters of this predatory mite, and the results of this study showed that Eforia may not be applied for the control of T. urticae pest together with A. swirskii.