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The purpose of the semiotics of discourse approach is to communicate between semantic layers and differentiating units of the linguistic, social and intertdiscursive conext at the macro level in order to achieve meaning with the help of cognitive tools of text and discourse. This research interprets and explains how to produce, understand and receive meaning in the context of discourse systems in "Wuthering Heights" within the framework of the semiotics of discourse approach. Discourse systems include two categories, either they are based on Speech-Action and Movement-Action (Behavior) which create cognitive discourse systems or they are based on Sense-Action­ which are the generators of emotional discourse systems. In this research, the representation of Speech-Action, Movement-Action (Behavior) and Sense-Action­ and their feedback in the participants within the text and discourse of the novel has been discussed. Discourse analysis in the text and situational context of the novel based on the semiotics of discourse approach of Greimas is rooted in cognitive perspectives, because Speech-Action and Movement-Action build the infrastructure and a platform for the motivation of Sense-Action­ in the audience of the discursive context. Heathcliff and Catherine are two main characters of the novel who depict the Sense-Action­ of love along with the behavior and Speech-Action of revenge in the textual and intertextual semantic layers. Heathcliff gains the necessary mental, physical and financial competences and performs the action by going through the first stage of Sense-Action­

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The significant wave height is a critical parameter in the design and analysis of marine structures, as well as in their operational use. Consequently, predicting this parameter greatly contributes to improving the design and analysis of marine structures. Various modeling approaches for wave characteristics include numerical, empirical, and artificial intelligence models. This study employs the SWAN model, which is a third-generation model for the simulation and estimation of wave characteristics. Furthermore, soft computing models, including individual and hybrid artificial intelligence models such as Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS), Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Emotional Artificial Neural Networks (EANN), have been utilized for wave height prediction, using data from the Amirabad buoy for validation purposes. In this research, the model inputs consist of wind speed, while the outputs are the wave heights. The analysis of the different models was carried out using statistical metrics, including bias, root mean square error, coefficient of variation, and coefficient of determination. The evaluation of the models using these statistics indicates an acceptable agreement between the significant wave heights estimated by the SWAN model and the buoy data. Additionally, each of the three artificial intelligence models mentioned demonstrates a relatively accurate capability in predicting wave height. A comparison of the results from the artificial intelligence models revealed that the Support Vector Machine model exhibited higher accuracy than the others. The Support Vector Machine model serves as an alternative method to the SWAN model or other numerical techniques, enhancing modeling outcomes when wave height data is unavailable or lacks the necessary statistical quality.
 

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Urbanization and population growth in metropolitan areas, on the one hand, and the growth of large-scale industrial activities, on the other hand, have led to changes in the climate of urban areas.This research is based on the classification of types of research in the category of descriptive and explanatory studies. Based on the results in the category of applied studies. It is based on qualitative and quantitative research processes. The research method is a combination of descriptive-analytical methods and software simulation with software Envi-Met software. Data is quantitative and qualitative related to the quality of space. Implementing it includes conceptual and theoretical modeling, software modeling, change in the type and amount of variables and testing the software model to find optimal answers. For this purpose, a basic model based on common urban forms in Tehran is selected and in which indicators such as the location of building blocks, orientation, the distance between blocks, the height of blocks in Envi-Met software are modeled and based on the index of thermal comfort and degree. PMV temperature was evaluated. According to the software outputs, it can be concluded that the location, distance, orientation and height have a positive effect on reducing thermal islands and providing thermal comfort conditions

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Research subject: In recent years, due to limited water resources and the extraordinary increase in nitrates in the environment, efforts to remove and control in order to benefit from the natural adsorbents have been made. Although according to the negatively charged surface of bentonite particles, absorbent needs improvement.
Research approach: In the current study, the adsorption of nitrate columns by the modified calcium montmorillonite adsorbent was investigated. Furthermore, In order to change the surface load and increase the adsorption efficiency, three-step acid leaching, oxidation layering, and loading of the cationic surfactant hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide on the adsorbent were performed. Molecular interaction and crystallography of pure montmorillonite and synthetic nano-adsorbent (ACZ) were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray analysis. Moreover, the morphology of ACZ nano adsorbents was evaluated using Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy.
Main results: Nanoparticle compaction and less access to pores and cavities in the fixed bed column reduced the adsorbent capacity inside the column compared to the discontinuous system.
The results showed that an increase in inlet concentration from 80 to 150 mg/L increased the adsorption capacity from 67.39 to 88.25 mg/g. Reducing the inlet flow rate increased the penetration time, interaction, and greater access to the binding sites for nitrate ions and finally improved the column performance and increased the inlet flow rate reduced the adsorption capacity and breakthrough time. Therefore, the adsorption of nitrate ions by the stage of internal mass transfer is controlled and depends on the duration of interaction and the possibility of penetration into the active sites. With increasing the bed height from 4.2 to 9 cm, there was a significant increase in adsorption capacity from 60.608 to 77.167 mg/g. The effect of detergents and recovery showed an absorption column; After 3 leaching steps, acid leaching played an important role in increasing column recovery. Experimental data with correlation coefficients of R²>0.95 corresponded to Thomas and Yoon-Nelson kinetic models.
In this study, the ACZ nano adsorbent column for rapid removal of nitrate ions from aqueous solutions was introduced and for use in reusable systems was proposed.
 

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Background: In this study for the first time terrestrial laser scanning survey was implemented on upland Hyrcanian forest, through which a and new method was applied to automatically extract DBH and tree position as a necessary step for height calculation and fitting the clustering as a circle.
Materials and Methods: Tree height extracted by fixing a cylinder around the trees center. The accuracies of these methods were investigated by field measurement. Among 4 shapes fitting algorithm, Monte Carlo had more suitable result to fitting circle in each height above the ground.
Results: Tree detection rates were 85% for Carpinus betulus and 87% for Diyospyrus lotus with respect to field measurement. R² and RMSE for DBH measurement were 0.98, 2.06 cm for Carpinus betulus and 0.98, 1.26 cm for Diyospyrus lotus. Value of R² and RMSE for height measurement were 0.96, 3.37 meters and 0.93, 3.02 meters for Carpinus betulus and Diyospyrus lotus, respectively.            
Conclusions: The accuracy of DBH by TLS is very suitable, and about the height of trees we extracted underestimated value in comparison to field measurement and that we need to develop more effective algorithms in order to reach more accurate measurement of trees’ height in Hyrcanian forest.

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While most recent investigation in satellite- based remotely sensed data has concen-trated upon the biophysical characteristics of overstory vegetation for large area, little at-tention has been given to the reflectance contribution of their associated understory, ver-sus overstory plantation reflectance to the recorded pixel value. In this research, shrubs and herbs were considered as consistent backgrounds which have an inverse effect, in contrast to plantation overstory, to the recorded pixel value in terms of their surface-exposure to satellite sensors. Given the fact that planted tree crown closure is correlated with their height and diameter at breast height (DBH) in the early stages of the planta-tion, it is expected that a relationship exists between tree canopy closure, height, DBH and their associated reflectance values. The proposed concept was tested in a case study for a Jack Pine (pinus banksina) plantation using Landsat Thematic Mapper (T. M.). The crown width height, and DBH of planted trees were measured in an area of 30m X 30m, for every 2-year age interval from 1 to 21 years. Other understory natural regeneration within a 2m radius was recorded. Crown closure, mean height, and DBH of each plot (with shrub and herb understory of more than 60%) were plotted against their associated Digital Numbers (DN(s)) for 6 T. M. bands (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7). The visible region of the spectrum (bands 1, 2 and 3) showed a narrow range of reflectance and was not suitable for this purpose. Band 4 revealed a greater range of DN(s) than bands 1, 2 and 3. A strong inverse linear relationship between DN(s) and their associated canopy closure, height, and DBH were found in band 5 as r2 = 0.863, 0.941, 0.873 respectively. Band 7 showed a stronger relationship with canopy closure (r2 = 0. 81) than did the other T. M. bands (ex-cept band 5). Overall, the results of this study have shown the importance of T. M. band 5 for estimating DBH and the height of plantations based on the contrast between reflec-tance of the overstory and understory.

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Abstract: Western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), an important pest in rose greenhouses, has several generations per year, and in addition to direct feeding damage to rose flowers it also transmits tospoviruses. Because of resistance to insecticides, alternative strategies are needed to manage this pest, including trapping. In this study, trapping by sticky traps of two different colours (blue and yellow) was experimented at three different heights (at canopy level, and 20 cm above and below canopy level) on two rose cultivars (Red one and Avalanche). The numbers of trapped thrips were counted after five days. The number on the blue sticky traps, regardless of their height of placement and type of cultivar, was significantly higher than that on the yellow traps. Number of thrips on blue traps at 20 cm above the canopy was significantly higher than on blue traps at the other levels in both cultivars. In contrast, the number of thrips that were trapped in yellow sticky tarps in various heights as well as cultivars was not significantly different.
 

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- The effect of panel height on performance of ceiling radiant cooling system has been studied. Investigation has been done by employing solution of conservative equations, together with the radiant and thermal comfort equations. Calculation is performed for the typical hottest day of Tehran. Vapour condensation is one of the most important problems whit these systems. Therefore effect of panel height on condensation has been also studied, in a residential place with several different ranges of ventilation rate. The results show that appropriate design of the panel height can significantly reduce the rate of condensation.

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  A lot of reasons are effective on growth of microorganisms during the storage of sugar beet in the silos. In this study, effect of the size of sugar beet (in 4 levels) and height of storage them (in 4 levels) in silos, in duration of 18 days, on growth changes of microorganism are investigated. In our study we observed that maximum activity microorganism growth (bacteria, mould, yeast and total count) in smallest sugar beets and minimum activity in biggest sugar beets. Also, maximum activity of microorganism growth belongs to the sugar beets that stored on 3 meter height and minimum activity belongs to stored on 5 meter height.

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 In order to locate the QTLs for plant height, peduncle length, and heading date, a set of 107 wheat doubled haploid (DH) lines derived from the cross Fukuho-komugi× Oligoculm was grown during the growing seasons of 2004 and 2005. A total of 36 QTLs were identified based on composite interval mapping (CIM) approach. All detected plant height QTL’s were stable over the two years. QTLs located near RhtD1 (chromosome 4D) and in the Xta556-RhtB1 interval (chromosome 4B) accounted for, respectively, 40.1% and 28.9% of plant height variation in 2004 and 30.7% and 26.36% in 2005. The other two QTLs identified for plant height were located near Xcfd53 and Xwmc25a loci on chromosome 2D. The results of composite interval mapping indicated that all detected QTLs for peduncle length were coincident with plant height QTLs. Of the most important heading date QTLs, the only stable one over years was located in the Xcfd53-Xbarc168 interval on chromosome 2D and accounted for 34.05% and 31.9% of heading date variation in 2004 and 2005, respectively. The Xbarc168-Xgwm484 interval (LOD> 8.3) carried the other important QTL for heading date in 2004. In general, based on expression of stable and major effect QTLs in present study, it is possible to increase efficiency of marker assisted selection for the traits in breeding programs.

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In this article, a novel intelligent online tip-over avoidance algorithm is presented considering the interactions between the mobile base and manipulator arm. To this end, the newly suggested dynamic stability margin measure named Moment-Height-Stability (MHS) is adopted. Additionally, a function representing the increment of postural stability margin metric is defined based on MHS. The system dynamic equilibrium is then enhanced using a fuzzy logic approach. The response of the suggested method of this paper is compared with that of a previously Force-Angle based proposed one considering a planar mobile manipulator. First the dynamics of the robot is derived using Newton-Euler method via MAPLE 16 and it is verified through the model provided in SimMechanics toolbox of Simulink. The efficiency of the suggested method is illustrated in comparison to the previous one on a destabilizing robot path. Besides, the performance of proposed method of the present study is investigated in the presence of external disturbances. The obtained simulation results reveal the effectiveness of the performance of the suggested technique for stability improvement of wheeled mobile manipulators once encountering unexpected disturbing situations.

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Aims: In many classrooms, due to the lack of daylight uniformity and preventing glare, curtains are drawn and artificial light is used, which increases energy consumption and reduces students' learning. One of the effective solutions is using a lightshelf. Many studies have been conducted, but they often ignored the effect of work surface height on the optimal height of the lightshelf and did not make a difference between education levels. In this research, in addition to investigating the effect of the lightshelf on daylight quality, the proper height of the light shelf in educational levels and in 4 latitudes in Iran (40, 35, 30 and 25 ̊ N) has been investigated.

Methods: The simulations were done in a classroom using Rhino and Honeybee, Ladybug plugins. In order to evaluate the accuracy of the simulations, a scale model was made and the measurement were compared to the simulation results.

Findings: By combining the light shelf and horizontal louvres, an optimal system was achieved in order to increase the daylight quality. The effect of different latitudes as well as different heights of desks were investigated.

Conclusion: The results showed that the use of lightshelves in all cities of Iran has increased the daylight quality, while with the increase in latitude and the work surface height, the optimal height of the lightshelf should be increased.
 

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One of the quality characteristics of welded joints in gas metal arc welding (GMAW) is weld height (WH). This paper highlights an experimental study carried out to develop a model using artificial neural network (ANN), to predict WH in GMAW in the presence of TiO2 nano-particles. For developing the model, the arc voltage, welding current, welding speed, percentage of Ar in Ar-CO2 mixture and thickness of TiO2 nano-particles were considered as input parameters and WBH as the response. A Doehlert design matrix was employed in the experiments to generate experimental data. The ANN model was developed and validated by conducting five extra runs. The remarkable outcome of this study is the mechanism of arc constriction due to interacting effects between welding input parameters and TiO2 nano-particles. Moreover, the results showed that increasing thickness of TiO2 nano-particles up to almost 0.9 mm increased weld height whereas, its further increase up to 1.0 mm, decreased weld height subsequently. In fact, this variation in weld height could be due to thermal dissociation of TiO2 nano-particles and CO2 releasing oxygen onto weld pool surface, which influenced its surface tension and consequently, changed direction of the Marangoni convection of fluid flow in weld pool and as a result, affected WH. For ANN technique, MSEtrain=0.0066, MSEvalidation=0.0063 and MSEtest=0.0093. Finally, it is to be concluded that ANN is an accurate technique for predicting weld height.

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Structures such as side orifices, side weirs, and side sluice gates are known as flow diversion structures. Side orifices are flow diversion structures which have wide application in hydraulic and environmental Engineering. This flow diversion structure has been extensively used in irrigation and drainage networks, wastewater treatment plants, sedimentation tanks, etc. Therefore, Study of the characteristics and flow pattern such as flow velocity components and free surface adjacent to the side orifice is important. In this paper, the flow over a sharp-crested rectangular side orifice in an open channel was simulated by FLOW-3D software. RNG turbulence model was used to apply the Navier-Stokes equations and the VOF method was used to model the free surface profile changes. In the present study, at first, the results related to the side orifice discharge and flow patterns obtained from numerical simulation were compared with experimental data. In this study, some experimental data of Hussian et al (2011) were used for model verification. In this study, the discharges through the orifice resulted from the present numerical simulation and the experimental research, along with the relative errors are reported. All relative error quantities were about 8-9%, thus there was relatively good agreement between numerical and experimental results. Therefore, the numerical model can be employed as a powerful tool for studying flow through side orifices in open channels. Then the effects of height of the side orifice crest on the flow velocity components and free surface adjacent to the side orifice was investigated. The results indicated that the discharge ratio, ratio of the discharge through the side orifice to the inlet discharge of the main channel increases with decreasing heights of the side orifice crest. Maximum and minimum longitudinal velocity for all heights of the side orifice crest was occurred at the beginning and end of the side orifice, respectively. By decreasing the height of the side orifice crest, maximum and minimum longitudinal velocity increases and decreases, respectively. By decreasing the height of the side orifice crest, the longitudinal velocity in the vicinity of the side orifice is negative because of the reverse flow formed in this area. Examining the lateral velocity component variation showed that this component increased with decreasing height of the orifice crest. That is why the discharge through the side orifice increased with decreasing height of the orifice crest. At height 2.2 cm of the orifice crest, the flow direction is upward then in all cases vertical velocities in the orifice length are positive. In the other hand, at height 6.7 cm of the orifice crest, the flow direction is downward then in all cases vertical velocities in the orifice length are negative. Also, the absolute value of the vertical velocity increases with by decreasing the height of the side orifice crest because more flow is diverted to the side orifice with decreasing the height of the side orifice crest. Also, increasing height of the orifice crest caused significant changes in the free surface profiles especially in the vicinity of the side orifice.

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In this study, the effects of frequency, height and wavelength of progressive gravity waves on vibration and energy absorption of the single- and two-degree of freedom Bristol oscillating cylinder systems have been investigated experimentally and numerically in different depth of water. The experiments were carried out in channel equipped with both a paddle-type wave-maker and wave features measurement tools. Numerical simulations were conducted in COMSOL software assigned to simulate interactions between physical environments for turbulent flow. Making a comparison between the numerical and experimental conclusions compared to the other researchers' results demonstrates a desired matching in a wide range of waves' parameters. It can be seen in findings that changing in depth of submerged objects from free surface of water has considerable influence on their vibration behavior, so that by rising in depth, the oscillations amplitude increases to a maximam and then decreases. The obtained results indicate the different effects of relative depth under the submerged buoy on the efficiency of the single- and two-degree of freedom systems; so that increasing water height causes rise in the efficiency of single degree of freedom systems, but it doesn't have considerable influence on two degree of freedom systems. The results also show that expanding the wave-maker frequency for a constant height of water in channel causes to rise in energy and height of the generated waves so that oscillations amplitude of submerged buoy rise in vertical and horizontal line.

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​Distillates are one of the most popular consumer products of medicinal plants. High essential oil and low methanol contents have always been considered as two desirable factors by experts in the food and pharmaceutical industries. In order to investigate the effect of harvest height on Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) distillate quality, an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Four harvesting heights of 15, 25, 35 and 45 cm (measured from the highest point of the plant), as well as the remaining stalk, were the treatments in this research. The measured traits were: methanol and essential oil content in the distillates. The results of statistical analysis showed a significant effect of treatments on the studied traits. It can be said that methanol values significantly increased with the harvesting height measured from the top. It varied from 71.64 ± 2.7 mg/l for the height of 15 cm to 219.77 ± 3.52 mg/l for 45 cm. In the remaining stalk, methanol values increased from 142.33 ± 1.34 mg/l for 15 cm height to 393.86±24.65 mg/l for 35 cm height. It should be mentioned that at 45 cm height of cut, there was no remaining stalk. The amount of essential oil in the distillate increased with harvesting height. The findings of this study showed that the harvesting height of 15 cm from the highest part of the plant is recommended for obtaining a higher distillate quality with lower methanol content, and the possibility of increasing the number of harvesting cuts for the production of medicinal and nutritional products.

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The purpose of this research was to investigate the hydraulic parameters affecting the performance of the distillation column and the hydrodynamic characteristics of the flow field on the industrial scale-sieve tray using numerical simulation. Computational fluid dynamics method was used for analyzing and predicting flow behavior. The desired geometry including the space between two trays of the distillation column and the down comer region was considered. After plotting geometry, three dimensional grids were generated in Gambit software and the analysis of the flow field was traced in Fluent software. The Eulerian-Eulerian approach was applied to simulate two-phase flow and k-ε RNG model for turbulence modeling. Validation of the results was done successfully using Solari and Bell experiment data and the correlation presented by Colwell. The velocity distribution and volume fraction of liquid and gas in different zones were determined. The influence of inlet volumetric flow rate of liquid and gas, as well as the geometry of the weir, on parameters related to the tray performance such as clear liquid height and froth height were investigated. The results indicated that a better separation would occur in lower gas and liquid loads.

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In recent years, structures for economic and aesthetic reasons have been growing larger and thinner and this subject leading to non - linear behavior of structures. Therefore, the application of different methods for considering the effects of second order analysis in evaluation of the behavior of structures has always been considered by the designers. in this study to investigate the P-Δ effects, analyze the nonlinear behavior of multi - storey space structures. in order to estimate the effects of second order analysis in this study, methods of Stiffness Matrix, Stability Functions and Assume lateral load method have been used. in present study, in addition to comparing the accuracy of the proposed methods, examine the effect of the parameter height on the accuracy of the second order analysis. the accuracy of the second order analysis methods is investigated by comparing the results of the existing research. In the first part of the present study, after presenting the formulation of three methods of second-order analysis of stiffness matrix, stability functions and assume lateral load method, for beam-column element of a portal frame, a two-story regular structure and finally an irregular six-story structure, that studied by previous researchers, the most accurate second-order analysis is introduced by comparing the load-deformation curves. In the second part, in order to investigate the effect of height of structure on the accuracy of second-order analysis methods, similar structures of three, five, and seven floors were analyzed in two longitudinal and transverse directions and the final load coefficients obtained from the second-order analysis with The first-order analysis of the structures is compared. The analysis of three, five and seven-story structures was performed in two assume lateral load and stiffness matrix methods in OpenSees software as well as stability function analysis using Paap software.

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