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In corpus stylistics, computational tools are used to conduct qualitative and quantitative analyses of the electronic corpora of literary works, through which the stylistic components of the texts are identified. This study aimed to determine the stylistic features of the works of Simin Daneshvar and Ebrahim Golestan using a corpus-based approach. For this purpose, the works of these two writers were examined using corpus analysis tools, including keyword and concordance analysis in the AntConc software. After extracting the positive keywords in these works, each keyword was examined in its real context in the concordance menu, and a semantic classification was performed based on their semantic domains. The examination and comparison of the positive keywords showed that the semantic domains of "social behavior, work and profession, state and grammar" are common in the works of both writers. This commonality from a stylistic perspective can be related to similar social norms and behaviors, as well as the similar time and place of life and growth of the two writers. Golestan's works are writer-centered, while Daneshvar's works are reader-oriented. Daneshvar's story characters are much more numerous (14 names with a frequency of 504) compared to Golestan, who used only 3 names with a frequency of 107. In Golestan's stories, there is no reference to religion semantic domain, while in Daneshvar's stories, this domain is addressed. Daneshvar establishes a greater connection with the characters in her stories by mentioning specific individuals.
 

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Improved studies on Collembola fauna of Iran have been started only recently and springtails species from many regions of the country are still unknown. This study presents the results of a faunistic survey of springtails from Golestan province, Northern Iran. Samplings were done in different habitats of Gorgan and Kordkuy counties (Golestan province) including forests, agricultural fields and citrus orchards during 2014–2015. In sum 37species from families Entomobryidae, Paronellidae, Isotomidae, Tomoceridae, Onychiuridae and Tullbergiidae were identified. Entomobrya numidica Baquero, Hamra-Kroua & Jordana, 2009; E. nivalis Linneaeus, 1758; E. nicoleti Lubbock, 1868; Cyphoderus agnotus Borner, 1906; Isotomurus cf. balteatus Reuter, 1876; Vertagopus sp.; Protaphorura cf. salsa Kaprus, Pasnik et Weiner, 2014; Mesaphorura yosii Rusek, 1967; Mesaphorura critica Ellis, 1976represent new records for Iranian fauna.

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Both Jalal-e-Ale Ahmad and Ebrahim-e-Golestan belong to the second generation of Iranian writers. Their close relationships and common experiences in youth have created similarities, especially in the early stories, in their stories. Ale Ahmad expressed his thoughts much earlier than Golestan; however, Ebrahim-e-Golestan has been more accurate and more successful in expressing the same ideas in his fiction. The following paper tries to study these two writers’ works from two dimensions of contexts and techniques. There are many similarities between the contents of their works especially in the first period of writing story.
The similarities between the first series of the stories are of such level that perhaps it can bee said that they were influenced by party-related ideas. From the story techniques, Ale-Ahmad was influenced at the first stage by the French writers in the 19^th century and Golestan was influenced by the American writers such as Hemingway and Twin and Bek who were the recently known writers. The closer their physical relation, the more the differences in their stories is.

 

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Critical discourse analysis deals with power and ideology. This approach makes connection between ideology and the manner of expression by the use of discursive features. This article was carried out in discreptive-analytic method to study discursive features in the expressions, sentences and texts of the narration “Miyan-e diruz va farad” from “Azar Mah-e Akhar-e Payiz” (Azar, The Last Month of Autumn) written by Ebrahim Golestan. Therefore, the present article studies socio-semantic features on the basis of Van Leeuwen (1996) in the story of “Miyan-e diruz va farad” for clarifying the ideology beyond the text. This article aims to answer these questions: 1- How are socio-semantic features used in this story? 2- Have social situations been affected in the style of narration? and 3-What kind of functions has the author considered for ideology? The results indicated that this story has used all kinds of socio-semantic features with the exception of symbolization. The author has used implicit features due to political and social situations, and explicit features have been used because of the importance of actors and their actions. The author has also used ideology for transferring group believes. This article makes an attempt to express why the author has used these features and expressed them implicity.

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The runoff generation and soil erosion in the Kechik Watershed, Golestan Province, was assessed, using a designed and constructed portable rainfall simulator. Treatments were applied on different land-uses, slopes and aspects as the most influential factors. Results showed that land-use significantly affected runoff generation (13.35 l, 6.9 l, and 4.12 l, respectively for agriculture, forest and rangeland uses), however slope (7.7 l for Class I; 9.23 l for Class II) and aspect (8.52 l for the northern aspects; 8.32 l for the southern aspects) did not have significant influence. All factors, significantly altered sediment concentration (Agriculture 9.6 g l^-1, forest 8.24 g l^-1, and rangeland 5.26 g l^-1; slope class I 6.6 g l^-1 and slope class II 8.7 g l^-1; northern aspect 8.7 g l^-1, and southern aspect 6.9 g l^-1). Agricultural fields generated the highest runoff and sediment under simulated rainfalls. Rangeland and forest did not have significant runoff generation and sediment concentration. Results showed that land-use management, especially in terms of agriculture, could not only hamper current erosion, but reduced further advancement of this encroaching phenomenon.

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The family Neanuridae belonging to order Poduromorpha, class Collembola includes terrestrial animals which play vital roles in decomposition and nutrient cycle in soil. Up to now, the fauna of this family has not been investigated in various areas of Golestan national Park (Hyrcanian forests). In order to identifying species of the class Collembola in this park, numerous samplings were carried out from soil, humus, and moss in 2015 and 2016. Then, the Collembola specimens were separated by using Berlese Funnel, stored in 75-85 percent ethyl alcohol and identified according to valid identification keys. Meanwhile, the species Friesea afurcata Tullberg, 1869) from the Neanuridae family is reported for the first time in Iran and Golestan province.

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Problem: A look at the history of the presence of art in public spaces shows that with the change of the paradigm of public art from artist-oriented art to the creation of society-oriented art and audience-oriented art, the choice of the type of public art and the environmental qualities affected by it appear more important. What threatens urban spaces today is the weak connection between the building components of a place, which cannot meet the needs of citizens.
Target: The current research aims to investigate the effect of visual art on environmental quality and tries to create the necessary environmental quality in the design of future urban spaces by experts.
Method: This research is developmental-applied in terms of type, and in terms of method, it has a nest-to-nest combination. To answer the research question, the qualitative research method is used in a nest-by-nest quantity. The statistical population is divided into two quantitative and qualitative parts. In the qualitative group of the statistical population, there were 14 experts who were selected by the snowball method. In the statistical population of quantitative research, the sample size is 180 people based on Cochran's formula and random sampling.
Result: The analysis of the results indicates that according to the results of multivariate regression, the component of visual richness with the value of (1.000) has the highest factor contribution, in the second order, the component of enjoying the environment with the value of (0.920) And the lowest is related to the component of improving the individual sense of belonging with the value (0.244). The special attention of urban designers regarding the structure of spaces and the use of extraction measures from the impact of visual arts components in urban spaces in different scales can increase the quality of urban environments.

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A survey on sawflies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta) fauna of Gorgan County, northern Iran, during 2015-2017, led to the identification of sixteen species. Six species including Arge cingulata (Jakowlew, 1891); Calameuta pallipes (Klug, 1803); Phylloecus xanthostoma (Eversmann, 1847); Allantus cingulatus (Scopoli, 1763); Ametastegia pallipes (Spinola, 1808) and Nematus lucidus (Panzer, 1801) are recorded for Golestan fauna for the first time and C. pallipes is a new record for the Iranian fauna.

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The genus Ratasa Herrich-Schäffer, 1849 and R. alienalis (Eversmann, 1844) are identified based on a single male specimen collected in Golestan National Park, Sulgerd region and preserved in the Hayk Mirzayans Insect Museum. Both genus and species are newly reported for the fauna of Iran. Taxonomic characterization of the species as well as the adult male and male genitalia figures are presented herein.

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Introduction
In simple terms, land-use planning means what form of development is placed in a region to achieve its primary goal in a long-term sustainable manner. Additionally, passive defense is one of the basic approaches that should be taken into consideration so that military centers have the lowest level of vulnerability during military attacks and wars.
Methodology
In this research, 18 parameters were identified and selected from the educational, research and operational resources of the armed forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran for the construction of military centers in Golestan province, and then the weight of each indicator was determined using the AHP approach in the form of an eigenvector. Then, the raw obtained data were converted into classified maps using GIS and after combining with the given eigenvalues, the final spatial zoning map was prepared based on the used passive defense parameters for the construction of military centers in this province. 
Results and Discussion
The results showed that in this province there are no very suitable and very unsuitable regions. Also, there are regions with the total area of 340.6 square kilometers in this province, which are suitable. Other regions of the province (98.33% of the total area of the province) either have medium desirability or have unsuitable conditions for building safe military centers due to their proximity to cities, inappropriate distance from faults, proximity to industrial centers and mines.
Conclusions
The central and western regions of the Golestan province, which comprise about one-third of the province's area, due to its proximity to cities, inappropriate distance from faults, proximity to industrial centers and mines are inappropriate for the construction of safe military centers. The rest of the province has a moderate location utility and the construction of military centers in these areas requires other indicators and components of military-security management.

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In this article Systemic Functional framework of Halliday has been used to investigate stylistically some of Golestan proses in order to answer these questions: What linguistic elements have been foregrounded in each story(chosen at random) and which experiential metafunction  has been   used   in each one? What is the reason of its application and does the  the metafunctions foreground  the content of the story? The hypothesis is that the contents of the stories are in a close relation to the linguistic forms used in each story. In other words, the content has been forgrounded in the form. After analyzing the data results showed that the writer's intended content is in accordance with the communicative experiential metafunction in terms of frequency of occurance, but significant differences are recognizable only when the total number of verbs is bigger meaning that the story is longer.                    

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This article is aims to semiotic method implement for achieving the pattern or patterns governing the semantic processes of action and tension and the effect of the aesthetic flow on these processes in context of the first chapter of Saudi's Golestan satirical discourse. Therefore, this is the first attempt semiontic processing analysis in satirical discourse in the first chapter of Saudi's Golestan. The meaning of satire is critical humorous utterance which purpose of its formation in language is social reform through aesthetic flow, so it's different from Facetiousness and lampoon. The semiotic method seeks to analyze discourse to perceive the conditions of its production and perception. The semiotist encounters with a meaningful set that takes into account the semantic hypotheses and their interrelationship with each other in the first stage, then he/she searches the forms that correspond to these semantic hypotheses in order to prove these hypotheses. The hypothesis of the present study is that the semantic process in satirical discourse transforms the action system into tension and creates an atmosphere of fluid through the interaction between contractive (emotional, internal) dilative (cognitive, external) which creates a new sense of meaning. Subject perceptive presence and enunciator at higher stages, increase tension between contractive and dilative dimensions which replaces commons expression with different expressions in content. Changing in linguistic expression-content relationship is one of the satire features which change the value by aesthetics theory in this discoursediscourse.
In parallel with examining the semiotic foundations in literary discourse, the main objective of the present study is to achieve the dominant patterns on the semiotic processes of actional and tensive regimes of discourse and to show the effect of aesthetic flow on the so called processes in the first chapter of Sa'di’s Golestan in analyzing satire. Thus, this research is considered the first attempt in this regard. By satire, we mean a critical discourse which aims to alert social issues and is shaped by aesthetic flow in the system of language being different from facetiousness and invective. Semiotic approach seeks to analyze discourse to find the underlying structure of production and perception of signification. Facing a semiotic ensemble, the first step for a theoretician of this realm is to investigate the semiotic hypotheses and their relationships. In order to prove these hypotheses in the next step, he /she pursues the forms which are similar to the latters. In this study, the hypothesis is as follows: Satire discourse changes the actional regime into tensive one and via the interaction of intensive dimension (thymic, internal) and extensive (cognitive, external) dimension leads to the formation of a fluid space through which the creation of new semiotic forms is possible. To form the atmosphere of satire and by adopting the particular point of view, the enunciator of Sa’di’s Golestan examines the relationship between the plan of expression and content in the language and discourse: Due to the sensible presence of the actor, enunciator ignores the preexistent and current signs and replaces his/her desirable signification by orienting the action-based regime of discourse toward the tensive –based model with intensive –extensive function. In this space and due to aesthetic flow, common values meet the challenges and modifications. Furthermore, by discursive conjunction, he/she speaks of long distant persons and places in order to avoid the harsh reaction of enunciate. Most satires in literature obey this rule. An orator was asked: what do you mean by a Muslim? He told that I am an orator and I don’t care about the Muslim (Zakani, 1999: 303). The use of extensive background increases on the one hand the force of manipulation in narrative and pave the way to the surprise and satire for enunciate which is considered the result of intensive dimension on the other hand. In Zakani’s narrative, negative question plays this role. By taking different position in discourse, the relationship among these elements resulted in the formation of new vision to the state of affairs. This viewpoint in tensive zone presents a kind of mythical or poetic cognition which targets the common and current beliefs. These new values do not overlap with the stabilized norms. The critical aspect of satire is crystalized here and shows the objection of enunciate. The enunciate is sensitive to what is unpopular and reveals it in humor in order to correct the behavior of man and society: the text therefore goes from the point of view of social criticism to the targeting of common moral imperatives. 
 

 

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Three known species of the family Criconematidae namely Criconema crotaloides, C. princeps and Ogma zernovi were recovered from natural forests in Golestan province, and were characterized based upon their morphological and morphometric characters. The Iranian population of C. crotaloides was recovered from the rhizosphere of Fraxinus excelsior and is characterized by females 517-594 μm long, having 64-70 not retrorse body annuli with smooth margin without lateral differentiation and RV = 11-14. The second species, C. princeps, was associated with Carpinus betulus and is characterized by females 421-506 μm long, having 63-69 rounded to retrorse body annuli with smooth margin, marked by distinct lateral triangular arches and RV = 11-12. The main characteristics of this species and the status of some other previously reported populations as C. princeps were discussed. The last species, Ogma zernovi, was recovered from the rhizosphere of Quercus sp., and is characterized by females 350-653 μm long, having 58-64 retrorse body annuli, each annulus with nine rows of short smooth scales in the middle of the body, the scales uni- or bi-lobulated, RV = 9-11, tail conoid and the last three annuli without projections. New observations on its morphology were added, comparisons were made with the type populations of the species and characteristics of the species were updated with including data of males and juveniles. Compared to the type populations, no remarkable differences were observed for the three studied species. All the three species represent new records for Iran.
  

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Medics are native to semi-arid areas around the Mediterranean Sea and have long been used in degraded pastures in the region. Annual medics are now widely distributed throughout the world, largely in areas with mild, rainy winters and alkaline soils. This study was conducted at a site located in the north east of Golestan Province (55° 57´ E, 37° 48´ N), on a silty clay loam soil in 2002 and 2003. The experimental design was a random-ized complete block with four replications. Cultivars were seven annual medics (includ-ing: Medicago truncatula cv. Caliph, Mogul; M. scutellata cv. Sava, Robinson; M. poly-morpha cv. Spineless; M. litoralis cv. Herald; M. sphaerocarpas cv. Orion) in addition to the indigenous annual medic M. minima. Results showed significant differences among cultivars (P<0.01) in terms of forage and protein production. Average forage production ranged between 216 kg ha-1 in the first year and 1,179 kg ha-1 in the second year. Average seed production ranged between 26 kg ha-1 in the first year and 890 kg ha-1 in the second year. The amount of protein production per unit was very low in some cultivars for both years. The results of this experiment suggest that Robinson and Sava might be recom-mended for cultivation in the region.

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Aim Plant functional groups are categories of species that exhibit similar responses to environmental parameters. The current research was carried out to evaluate factors that describe the distribution of plant functional groups in mountainous rangelands of Chaharbagh, Golestan.
Methods Three transects of 300 meters were considered in the representative area of each plant type. Along each transect, 10 plots were considered in dimensions of 2 x 2 meters. The names of species, the percentage of vegetation, and the number of species were determined. Six soil samples were collected for each plant type. The biological form of each plant species was determined. Plants were classified based on edibility, vegetative form, biological form, and life span. To evaluate the relationship between environmental factors and plant functional groups, Redundancy Detrended Analysis (RDA) was applied.
Findings The results showed that the occurrence of phanerophytes was affected by electrical conductivity and lime. With an increase in potassium, the frequency of camophytes increased. Palatability values of the first class were affected by direction, saturated moisture content, and organic carbon. Values of tree-type growth were affected by electrical conductivity and lime. Forb vegetation increased in correlation with clay percentage. Grass and pseudo-grass vegetative forms were affected by direction factors, soil saturated moisture content, and organic carbon.
Conclusion Overall, a precise study of differences in plant functional groups can be an important approach for monitoring changes in rangeland under management strategies which require further attention in future research.
 

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For studying the heavy rain fall in southeast of the Caspian Sea, the Meteorology Organization,s daily synoptic maps on four surfaces (the earth, 850, 700 and 500 HPA) from 1992 to 2002 were used. The results showed that five kinds of air mass and pressure systems influence heavy rain fall in southeast of the Caspian Sea; European migrant high-pressure, Siberian high-pressure, Subtropical high-pressure, Moonson low-pressure and Sudan low-pressure. Therefore, necessary synoptic conditions for heavy rain fall in warm season in Golestan province consisted of cold air advection on the surface of the Caspian Sea by European migrant high-pressure and warm and wet convection from the east and southeast by Moonson low-pressure on the earth level. Descending cold air in divergence zones of north Russian trough in upper layers of atmosphere on the surface of the Caspian Sea. Penetration of European migrant high-pressure from northwest and descending of subpolar cold air and penetration of Sudan low-pressure tongues from south and southwest of the earth and penetration of subtropical high-pressure to central part of the Caspian Sea in middle atmosphere layers and to settle the Caspian sea in divergence zones of north Russian trough.

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The research entitled “A comparative study of Saadi’s Golestan and Samuel Johnson’s Rasselas” is based on the inclination of 18th century writer and theorist Johnson on towards rich Persian literature and outstanding resemblance of Golestan and Rassales from the structural, moral, Philosophical points of view. The findings are based on two hypotheses: (1) Has there been any basis for Johnson’s specific attention to Persian literature and if there has been any interest or familiarity with Persian literature, how extensive or profound has it been? (2) With regard to the deep influence of the French Neo-classicists on English Neo-classicists in the 18th century, is there any possibility that, even Johnson had an access to the English text of Golestan. The present paper also comes up with noteworthy results representing this fact that the first feeling about the similarity between Golestan and Rasselas was not baseless. The evidence indicates that not only was Johnson fascinated by Arabic and Persian literature (which Europeans considered interchangeable) but also widely studied the translation of Persian poets like Saadi. The similarity between the two works has been so remarkable that it attracted the attention of some of Persian and English scholars. However, the present project is intended to test and check the authenticity of this sense of similarity, to give it a second thought and to deal with it more consciously and seriously than it has experienced so far.

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Charcoal rot caused by Macrophomina phaseolina is an important disease of soybean throughout the world. To understand the spatial distribution of soybean charcoal rot incidence and M. phaseolina populations in Golestan Province, 172 soybean fields were surveyed for population density, in two successive years, and integrated with Geographic Information System (GIS). Each year, 60 fields were also surveyed for disease incidence. Propagule density was determined by assaying five 1-g subsamples of soil from each field using a size-selective sieving procedure. In the seasons of 2009-2010 and 2010-2011, disease incidence ranged from 0 to 97% and 3 to 91% with the highest in Gorgan and Aliabad, respectively. Total mean of disease incidence were 21.01 and 35.84 percent in the province. In the two sampling years, Sclerotia were recovered from 73.33 and 93.57% of the total fields. The average population density per gram of soil ranged from 0.65 to 14.31 and 4.7 to 16.9, respectively, with the highest levels in Aliabad in both years. Charcoal rot incidence was positively correlated with soil populations of M. phaseolina (r= 0.61 and r= 0.47, P= 0.01). Geostatistical analyses of the survey data showed that the influence range of propagule density and disease incidence was between 8,000 to 14,000 m. In general, no significant correlation could be found between soil factors and sclerotia numbers. But, higher average air temperatures and decreased precipitation may have a significant effect on disease intensity.

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The use of linguistic theories in the discourse analysis of literary works can reveal new aspects of these works. This paper seeks to analyze the "contents" of Golestan Sa'adi on the basis of the Searl's Theory of Speech Acts to find some linguistic reasons to prove the effectiveness of these themes using the statistical method and content analysis.For the analysis, the themes of the fifth and seventh chapters were first extracted, and then the type of the semantic roles, vocabulary (action verbs), the form, the structure of the sentence and its context were examined in the domain covered by each theme; in this way, the direct speech acts of the statements are recognized from the indirect speech acts. The data analysis was done based on the Searl's theory of speech acts. On the one hand, the interaction between the speech acts and the linguistic and semantic features as well as the context of each theme was investigated, and on the other hand, the manner of Saadi's speech delivery was examined on the appropriate use of speech acts in the educational genre in accordance with the subject of the speech (here the two chapters of Golestan with two different themes).
Based on the findings of the study, as far as the indirect speech acts (the speech acts inferred from the function of the context) are concerned, in the seventh chapter, the persuasive, expressive, and affective speech acts had the highest use in the language propositions, respectively. Given the didactic nature of this book, this result was predictable. In the fifth chapter of the Golestan, the most language roles used in the linguistic propositions are expressive, affective, and persuasive, respectively; and the frequency of speech acts does not change in the case of excluding the indirect persuasive speech acts. Given the title and subject of this chapter (love and youth), it is natural that the frequency of functions is more related to the affective and expressive speech acts. The indirect speech acts of this chapter are also more of the affective one than persuasive.