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Showing 5 results for Sarani
Amir Sarani, Ebrahim Izadi-Darbandi, Mehdi Rastgoo, Mohammad Galavi,
Volume 10, Issue 1 (10-2021)
Volume 10, Issue 1 (10-2021)
Abstract
Efficiency of many herbicides can be increased by adding adjuvants to the spray solution. So, the addition of an appropriate adjuvant to foliar herbicides is important in weed control researches. To identify an appropriate adjuvant for sulfosulfuron and sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron-methyl herbicides against Japanese downy brome Bromus japonicus, two experiments were conducted in randomized complete block design with two factors under field condition separately in Zabol and Zahedan, Iran. Factor A was different doses of herbicide namely 0, 50, 75 and 100% of their recommended dose and factor B was adjuvants including: sweet almond oil, olive oil, sesame seed oil and D-Octil. Results showed that efficiency of sulfosulfuron and sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron-methyl herbicides increased by increasing their doses and adjuvant addition. The addition of sesame seed oil (followed by D-octil) had the highest effect on sulfosulfuron efficacy against Japanese downy brome control. In general, sulfosulfuron at 100% of its recommended dose (26.5 g ha-1) plus sesame seed oil was the best formulation to control of Japanese downy brome. In addition, this formulation significantly improved wheat grain and biological yield. Adding of D-Octil had the highest influence on sulfosulfuron plus metsulfuron-methyl performance in Japanese downy brome control. The highest wheat grain and biological yield were mainly obtained at 100% recommended dose (40 g ha-1) of sulfosulfuron + metsulfuron-methyl plus D-Octil followed by sesame oil.
Volume 11, Issue 4 (September, October & November (Articles in Persian) 2020)
Abstract
Pragmatics, which is one of the most eminent concepts in the world of language learning and teaching, has established itself in various academic fields. The teachability of pragmatics has been investigated in a plethora of studies (Derakhshan & Shakki, 2020; Shakki et al., 2020), though scant attention has been given to assessing and testing pragmatic features. It has been a long time that practitioners and teachers use traditional assessment to assess students, but with the emergence of new approaches in teaching, there should be new ways to test and assess learners. The present study is theoretically underpinned by Vygotsky’s (1978) Socio-Cultural Theory (SCT), which postulates that a person’ cognition is mediated socially during the interaction, and it emphasizes a mediated relationship not a direct relationship which is the basis for Dynamic Assessment (DA). He believes that the development of a child consists of two levels, namely actual level and potential level of development. Activating the Zone of Proximal Developmnet (ZPD), which is the distance between the actual developmental level and the level of potential development, requires guidance and collaboration. Since assessing the speech acts of apology and request through DA has not been taken into account so far, the present study aimed to find out the effects of DA on the acquisition of Iranian intermediate EFL learners’ speech act of apology and request. To this end, 66 students, selected from Shokouh Language Institute in Kalaleh, Golestan Providence, Iran, participated in this study.
Research Question:
Does dynamic vs. non-dynamic assessments (NDA) have any effect on the acquisition of Iranian intermediate EFL learner’s speech act of apology and request?
Three groups of language learners whose language proficiency was determined by Oxford Quick Placement Test (OQPT), participated in the present study. The total number of the participants was 85 Iranian learners, from whom 66 were selected as intermediate level whose scores ranged from 24 to 30, according to OQPT. The gender of the students was both male and female, and learners aged from 15 to 19. Their native language was Persian, and they were studying English as a second language. After homogenizing learners, they were divided into three groups, one DA, one NDA, and one control group. Listening pragmatic comprehension test, devised and validated by Birjandi and Derakhshan (2014), was utilized as the pretest and posttest of the study. First, the participants were tested before the intervention; after teaching speech acts to learners (30 apology and request video vignettes that were taken from seasons and episodes of 13 Reasons Why and Suits), the learners were tested by the listening pragmatic comprehension test to compare the results. In this study, to have homogeneous learners for all three groups, the mean and standard deviation of the proficiency test were calculated. To answer the research question, the scores taken from pretest and posttest were submitted to the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS).
To find the effectiveness of the treatment, the means of control group, NDA group, and DA group were compared. In order to make sure whether or not the groups were statistically different, One-way ANOVA test and post hoc test of Tukey were run. Based on the mean scores for the pretest in one DA and two NDA groups, which are 58.88, 55.92, and 55.67, it is shown that little difference exists among the three groups. However, in order to make sure whether or not the groups are similar statistically, One-way ANOVA test was conducted. The Sig. value is .92 which demonstrates that since this is more than .05, it can be concluded that there is not a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of the three groups. On the other hand, the mean scores for the posttest in one DA, NDA, and control group, respectively, were 117.42, 72.83, and 61.58, showing that the groups are different. Furthermore, the Sig. value is 0.00, which is smaller than .05, so this means that the intervention which was implemented in the DA group was effective. Since the obtained value does not show where the significant difference exists, post hoc test of Tukey was used to find the statistical significance between the groups. The values corresponding with the comparison between the DA group and NDA groups are smaller than .05.
For this reason, it can be concluded that the difference between DA group and the other two groups is statistically significant. However, the comparison between the two NDA groups revealed that they are not significantly different from each other (p=.392>.05). The results of one-way ANOVA test indicated that there were statistically meaningful differences across groups, and the results of post hoc test of Tukey revealed that dynamic group outperformed both non-dynamic and control groups, but no meaningful difference was found between non-dynamic and control groups although non-dynamic had a better mean score compared to that of control group. Considering the findings of the present study, it is suggested that harmonizing the instruction and testing provides opportunities for the learners, and learning should be individualized in order to have better outcomes. To put it in a nutshell, giving students contextually appropriate input has been a pivotal factor to increase learners’ pragmatic ability while understanding and performing the speech acts. In light of the gained results, the present study offers some implications for teachers, learners, and materials developers. It is suggested that teachers apply DA in their language classrooms to maximize interaction, mediation, and negotiation.
Volume 12, Issue 1 (April & May 2021 (Articles in Persian) 2021)
Abstract
Investigations show that in Persian no significant research has been done on lexical relationships of size adjectives. In this paper, near-synonymy relationship of ‘‘ziyâd and farâvân’’ size adjectives and their inflectional forms has been studied based on Behavioral Profile Analysis approach of Divjack and Gries (2006) and the data of Hamshahri 2 corpus (Alahmad and et.al, 2009). Accordingly in this study, first, by using AntConc software (2011) the data related to ‘‘ziyâd, ziyâdi, ziyâdtar, ziyâdtarin, ziyâdtari, farâvân, farâvâni, farâvântar, farâvântarin, farâvântari’’ size adjectives were extracted from the corpus and then were annotated on the basis of the morphological, syntactic and semantic features. The result of behavioral profile approach which is acquired according to hierarchical cluster analysis indicated that the highest level of near-synonymy belongs to ‘‘ziyâdi, farâvâni’’, ‘‘ziyâdtari, farâvântari’’, ‘‘ziyâdtar, farâvântar’’, ‘‘ziyâd, farâvân’’ and ‘‘ziyâdtarin, farâvântarin’’ groups and the lowest level of near-synonymy is between ‘‘ziyâdi, farâvâni, ziyâdtari, farâvântari’’ and ‘‘ziyâd, farâvân, ziyâdtarin, farâvântarin, ziyâdtar, farâvântar’’ groups. Finally, annotation analysis based on Z-scores has specified all meaningful and meaningless ID-tags of size adjectives.
1. Introduction
Persian is one of many languages throughout the world which have a class of words whose grammar is clearly different from the others, and can be identified as adjectives. Adjectives, also, can perform some semantic tasks. For example, one major task of adjective is to show the property of things. For example, Ali's house is big, this sentence could referred to Ali's house, that it has a property of being big.
Although traditional grammarians stressed on the formal features, today, linguists typically classify adjectives according to semantic features. However, one lexical field that has received a lot of attention both in general and in corpus is adjective size, presumably because it includes two pairs of canonical antonyms and many studies have already focused on size adjectives. For example, Charles and Miller (1989) showed that big and little as well as large and small tend to occur in one and the same sentence in the Brown corpus with a probability that is much larger than chance would predict and concluded (Gries and Otani, 2010). In Persian, however, no attention has been paid to the size adjectives. Therefore, this is a motivation for us, to investigate near-synonymy of ziyâd and farâvân size adjectives and their inflectional forms according to behavioral profile analysis approach.
The body of this paper, generally, structured as follow: In section 2, we examine briefly background study of adjectives, in particular, size adjectives, synonymy and the application of behavioral profile. In section 3, we investigate behavioral profile approach. Section 4 deals with methodology of research according to corpus-based data, process of annotation and random data selection by using Kerjcie & Morgan table (1970). In section 5, we analyze statistical information acquired from the process of annotation by using SPSS software. And finally in section 6, we present the results of data.
2. Methodology
Divjak and Gries (2006) identified the following four steps for the behavioral profile approach: 1. The retrieval of (a representative random sample of) all instances of the lemmas from a corpus. 2. Manual analysis and annotation of many properties of each match in the concordance of lemmas. 3. The conversion of data into a co-occurrence table. 4. The evaluation of the table by means of exploratory and other statistical techniques. In this study to do the above steps, we first used Antconc software to retrieve all matches of the lemmas ziyâd and farâvân plus their inflectional forms from 150 million-word corpus of Hamshahri 2 AleAhmad et al (2009). Then we annotated morphological, syntactic and semantic features to lexical forms in order to identify distributional features. And finally, we utilized SPSS software to evaluate the data and acquire Hierarchical agglomerative cluster charts.
3. Discussion and Results
No considerable study has been done on lexical relationships of size adjectives in Persian and only some grammarians and linguists such as Anvari and Givi (2008), Assi (2006) and etc simply have categorized size adjectives. Consequently, it is defficult to compare the achievements of this study with previous studies on near-synonymy.
In this article, generally, determining near-synonymy is performed according to the observation and analyzing similarities and differences of distributional behaviors of size adjectives and therefore is different from previous researches such as Abdolkarimi (2014, 2016) and etc. Our findings ,also, support Gries and Otani (2010) assumption on theoretical implication of behavioral profile analysis and most corpus-based works that believe formal differences reflect functional differences. For example, formal tag levels such as active, passive, plural, singular and etc have significant role in near-synonymy of “ziyâd and farâvân’’ inflectional forms. The findings of this study, moreover, clear that size adjectives (base form) or along with “tar” inflectional suffix are always dependent of a noun or a causative or predicative verb but size adjectives plus “tarin” superlative suffix can only be dependent of a noun not a verb, because no occurrence is observed for “tarin” as dependent of verbs.
4. Conclusion
In this study, we explored the semantic field of size by analyzing the distributional behavior of lexical forms "ziyâd, ziyâdi, ziyâdtar, ziyâdtarin, ziyâdtari, farâvân, farâvâni, farâvântar, farâvântarin, farâvântari" according to behavioral profile analysis and also three variable with 61 ID tags level were annotated to find near-synonymy relationship between size adjectives inflectional forms. The analysis of hierarchical agglomerative cluster charts all ID tags signified that mentioned lexical forms in terms of tag level made sub-groups which have near-synonymy between their own members sub-group. These sub-groups include "ziyâdi, farâvâni", "ziyâdtari, farâvântari", "ziyâdtar, farâvântar", "ziyâdi, farâvân", "ziyâdtarin, farâvântarin", "ziyâdi, farâvâni, ziyâdtari, farâvântari", "ziyâd, farâvân, ziyâdtarin, farâvântarin" and "ziyâdtar, farâvântar, ziyâd, farâvân, ziyâdtarin, farâvântarin".
1. Introduction
Persian is one of many languages throughout the world which have a class of words whose grammar is clearly different from the others, and can be identified as adjectives. Adjectives, also, can perform some semantic tasks. For example, one major task of adjective is to show the property of things. For example, Ali's house is big, this sentence could referred to Ali's house, that it has a property of being big.
Although traditional grammarians stressed on the formal features, today, linguists typically classify adjectives according to semantic features. However, one lexical field that has received a lot of attention both in general and in corpus is adjective size, presumably because it includes two pairs of canonical antonyms and many studies have already focused on size adjectives. For example, Charles and Miller (1989) showed that big and little as well as large and small tend to occur in one and the same sentence in the Brown corpus with a probability that is much larger than chance would predict and concluded (Gries and Otani, 2010). In Persian, however, no attention has been paid to the size adjectives. Therefore, this is a motivation for us, to investigate near-synonymy of ziyâd and farâvân size adjectives and their inflectional forms according to behavioral profile analysis approach.
The body of this paper, generally, structured as follow: In section 2, we examine briefly background study of adjectives, in particular, size adjectives, synonymy and the application of behavioral profile. In section 3, we investigate behavioral profile approach. Section 4 deals with methodology of research according to corpus-based data, process of annotation and random data selection by using Kerjcie & Morgan table (1970). In section 5, we analyze statistical information acquired from the process of annotation by using SPSS software. And finally in section 6, we present the results of data.
2. Methodology
Divjak and Gries (2006) identified the following four steps for the behavioral profile approach: 1. The retrieval of (a representative random sample of) all instances of the lemmas from a corpus. 2. Manual analysis and annotation of many properties of each match in the concordance of lemmas. 3. The conversion of data into a co-occurrence table. 4. The evaluation of the table by means of exploratory and other statistical techniques. In this study to do the above steps, we first used Antconc software to retrieve all matches of the lemmas ziyâd and farâvân plus their inflectional forms from 150 million-word corpus of Hamshahri 2 AleAhmad et al (2009). Then we annotated morphological, syntactic and semantic features to lexical forms in order to identify distributional features. And finally, we utilized SPSS software to evaluate the data and acquire Hierarchical agglomerative cluster charts.
3. Discussion and Results
No considerable study has been done on lexical relationships of size adjectives in Persian and only some grammarians and linguists such as Anvari and Givi (2008), Assi (2006) and etc simply have categorized size adjectives. Consequently, it is defficult to compare the achievements of this study with previous studies on near-synonymy.
In this article, generally, determining near-synonymy is performed according to the observation and analyzing similarities and differences of distributional behaviors of size adjectives and therefore is different from previous researches such as Abdolkarimi (2014, 2016) and etc. Our findings ,also, support Gries and Otani (2010) assumption on theoretical implication of behavioral profile analysis and most corpus-based works that believe formal differences reflect functional differences. For example, formal tag levels such as active, passive, plural, singular and etc have significant role in near-synonymy of “ziyâd and farâvân’’ inflectional forms. The findings of this study, moreover, clear that size adjectives (base form) or along with “tar” inflectional suffix are always dependent of a noun or a causative or predicative verb but size adjectives plus “tarin” superlative suffix can only be dependent of a noun not a verb, because no occurrence is observed for “tarin” as dependent of verbs.
4. Conclusion
In this study, we explored the semantic field of size by analyzing the distributional behavior of lexical forms "ziyâd, ziyâdi, ziyâdtar, ziyâdtarin, ziyâdtari, farâvân, farâvâni, farâvântar, farâvântarin, farâvântari" according to behavioral profile analysis and also three variable with 61 ID tags level were annotated to find near-synonymy relationship between size adjectives inflectional forms. The analysis of hierarchical agglomerative cluster charts all ID tags signified that mentioned lexical forms in terms of tag level made sub-groups which have near-synonymy between their own members sub-group. These sub-groups include "ziyâdi, farâvâni", "ziyâdtari, farâvântari", "ziyâdtar, farâvântar", "ziyâdi, farâvân", "ziyâdtarin, farâvântarin", "ziyâdi, farâvâni, ziyâdtari, farâvântari", "ziyâd, farâvân, ziyâdtarin, farâvântarin" and "ziyâdtar, farâvântar, ziyâd, farâvân, ziyâdtarin, farâvântarin".
Volume 20, Issue 4 (April 2020)
Abstract
Magnesium and its alloys have received much attention not only in the aerospace and electronics industry, but also in medical applications due to its low density, excellent physical properties, and biocompatibility. However, magnesium and its alloys have low ductility and poor strain hardening ability because of the hexagonal crystal structure with the limited number of slip systems at room temperature. Therefore, it seems necessary to improve their ductility and other mechanical properties via novel technologies. In this research, hydrostatic cyclic expansion extrusion has been used to produce ultrafine-grained magnesium rod. Properties of produced rods have been investigated morphologically and mechanically. The numerical investigation has also been performed to show the effects of hydrostatic pressure on strain distribution. Due to the brittleness of magnesium, the process has been conducted at elevated temperatures. Also, due to the fluid limitation at high temperatures, melted polyethylene has been used as the fluid in the process. The results showed that the yield and ultimate strength increased by 54% and 43% after only one pass of the hydrostatic cyclic expansion extrusion process, respectively. Also, elongation increased by 46%. Furthermore, microhardness has also increased with an average of 57 Hv to 70 Hv. The microstructure result showed that the grains become ultrafine-grained after only one pass of the process. Finite element investigation revealed that high hydrostatic pressure has a good effect on improving the strain distribution and the microstructure. This process seems very appropriate for industrial applications due to its ability to produce long ultrafine-grained rods.
Volume 23, Issue 4 (7-2021)
Abstract
Bread enrichment with fiber-rich leafy vegetables and fermented by-products of milling has gained more attention in recent years. In the present study, the antifungal lactic acid bacterium isolated from Tarkhineh was used as starter culture in controlled wheat germ sourdough in order to improve quality and safety of the white wheat bread containing wheat germ sourdough along with dehydrated spinach puree. The optimized formulation (10% wheat germ sourdough and 20% dehydrated spinach puree, which were replaced by wheat flour) was determined based on the crumb softness of the enriched breads. Then, the quality characteristics of the supplemented breads were studied in terms of textural properties, antioxidant activity, surface moldiness, phytic acid content and organoleptic acceptability. The sequencing of polymerase chain reaction products led to the identification of Lactococcus lactis as the selected antifungal lactic acid bacterium isolate. Texture profile analysis revealed the significant effect (P< 0.05) of wheat germ sourdough and dehydrated spinach puree on crumb hardness and loaf specific volume of the produced breads. Bread containing wheat germ sourdough along with dehydrated spinach puree had the highest radical scavenging activity. Green zone of Asprgillus flavus growth on wheat germ sourdough supplemented bread and phytic acid content of the aforementioned sample were also remarkably lower than the others. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between bread enriched with wheat germ sourdough and wheat germ sourdough along with dehydrated spinach puree in terms of sensory acceptability compared to the control sample.
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