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Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of disability and pain intensity among two groups of governmental employees and sellers who suffering from chronic low back pain.
Material and Methods: This descriptive–analytic study was performed from Dec 2015 to Mar 2016among employed staff members of education ministry (N = 50) and 40 sellers with chronic low back pain who were selected through non-random sampling method. The research tool was Oswetry inventory to inspect the pain intensity and level of disability of the participants. Statistical descriptive/analytic method was used to analyze data through SPSS V16.
Results: Totally, 90 participants included 50 employees with an average age of 45.14 ± .85 years and 40 sellers with an average age of 45.42 ± 0.98 years took part in this study. The variables as age, weight, height were the same in the two groups (P > 0.05). There were significant difference between the two groups in terms of BMI2.01 (3.42-.59), pain: 0.55 (0.18-0.92), lifting disability: 0.77 (0.28 to 1.25), walking 1.03 (0.56 to 1.49), sleeping-0.26 (-0.51 -0.002), sexuality 2.07 (1.32 to 2.82), social life. 0.43 (-0.82 -. 03), mean total score of functional disability in performing activities 4.35 (1.93 to 6.77) which were better in the employed group rather than the other group.
Conclusion: This study showed the functional disability and related effective factors were different between employees and sellers. Therefore, categorizing individuals who suffering from back pain into homogeneous groups and investigating the effective factors of disability in each group of people are recommended.

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Background: Sport and exercise therapy can be used for low back pain's prevention. This research was aimed to evaluate the level of functional disability, pain intensity difference between the two groups of patients with chronic low back pain.
Methods: this study was a cross-sectional-applied research conducted from December 2015 to March 2016 on the employed (N = 50) and nonemployee people (N = 40) suffering from chronic low back. Physical activity level and demographic properties in all subjects were measured by Baecke physical activity questionnaire. The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16.
Results: Totally, two groups employees (N = 50) with an average age of 45.14 ± 0.85 years old and the non-employee (N = 40) people with an average age of 45.42 ± 0.98 years old took part in the study. No significant differences was observed between both groups on such variables as age, weight, height (P > .05). Significant difference was observed between the mean body mass indexes between two groups so that among the employed group was more than the non-employed (p < .05). Significant difference was observed about the physical activity (p < .05) and exercise (p < .05) between two mentioned groups in free time.
Conclusion: This study revealed the different groups of people who have different jobs may be different due to physical activity.

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So far, three aphid species including Aphis fabae Scopoli, 1763, Brachycaudus cardui (Linnaeus, 1758) and Paczoskia meridionalis Holman, 1981 are reported on Echinops in Iran. In this study, two more aphid species were collected on Echinops in Iran: Myzus persicae(Sulzer, 1776) and Turanoleucon jashenkoiKadyrbekov, 2002.The little-known aphid genus Turanoleucon and the species T. jashenkoiare reported here for the first time from Iran. The biometric data of apterous and alate viviparous females of Iranian population of T. jashenkoiare given from specimens collected from Fars province, Iran. The morphological differences between Iranian population and the original description of the species, i.e. Kazakhstan population, are discussed. An identification key to the apterous viviparous female aphids living on Echinops in Iran is provided.

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This study aimed to investigate the role of behavioral sciences in the management and promotion of students' physical activity and sports participation behavior. This research is in the category of applied knowledge development research and was conducted by a descriptive method. The study population consisted of all students in the country in each degree and field of study, which was conducted with a sample size of 400 people. Samples were randomly selected. Data collection tools were three questionnaires including demographic information, the third part of the questionnaire (GPAQ) of the World Health Organization, which was designed to measure participation in sports activities, and a questionnaire on the role of behavioral sciences on sports participation behavior (α = 0.87). Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, Friedman ranking test, independent t-test, and multiple linear regression test. The results showed that behavioral sciences affect sports participation behavior. There is a positive and significant relationship between them and prioritizing behavioral science components on sports participation behavior, including beliefs and concerns, attitudes, habits and lifestyle, health literacy, self-perception; perception is the consumption of others. Also, there is not much difference between men and women in their physical activity and sports from behavioral sciences.

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  Prediction of climatic variables on a local scale by General Circulation Models of the atmosphere is impossible because the models have large-scale network of resolution. Therefore, downscaling methods are used to solve this problem. Since the climate change phenomenon can affect different systems such as, water resources, agriculture, environment, industry and economy as well, Selection of the most suitable downscaling method is very important. This study aims to evaluate performance of Change-Factor (CF) and LARS-WG downscaling methods in prediction of future climate variability of the Azam River Watershed, located in Yazd Province, Iran, for the period of 2010-2039. For this purpose, the CGCM3-AR4 model under the A2 emission scenario and also two methods of downscaling including statistical (LARS-WG) and proportional (CF) approaches were applied. The results showed increasing of temperature by both downscaling methods in the Azam River watershed in the future. Average temperature difference obtained from the two methods is about 3 to 4 percent. On the other hand, based on the climate condition, the amount of rainfall varied in the whole watershed, in a way that the future maximum precipitation difference calculated by two downscaling methods is about 30 percent.

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Research Subject: In this paper, the adsorbents used to remove lead ion using adsorption operation have been reviewed.
Research Approach: The types of adsorbents used to remove lead ions, the modifications of adsorbents, adsorption conditions, isotherms and adsorption capacity of adsorbents have been investigated and compared based on the literature survey.
Main Results: Modification by impregnation of functional groups has a significant role in increasing the adsorption capacity. The pH of the solution plays an important role in the adsorption of lead ions and generally the adsorption capacity increases by increasing the pH of the solution. Langmuir's isotherm model has been more consistent with the equilibrium data. Among the reviewed adsorbents, carbon-based adsorbents such as activated carbon and graphen-oxide, modified by chemicals such as ammonium persulfate or polyamines, show higher adsorption. Also, biomasses due to their abundance and low prices have the potential to be used as lead ion adsorbents.

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Aims:  Due to Human’s physical and psychological dimensions interaction so that  both dimensions includes human integrity and general health, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between Low Back Pain(LBP) severity and depression among employees of the  Education Ministry.
Instrument & Methods: In this researching as a descriptive-analytical study, 100 employees of the Education Ministry who were selected through available sampling, included. . Study tools included demographic questionnaire, Visual Analog Scale (VAS)  and Beck Depression Inventory. Data were analyzed by using SPSS 23 and Pearson correlation coefficient (г) and independent t-test.
Findings: The results showed that 62% (N=62) of employees were suffering from LBP with different severity. In addition there was a positive and significant correlation between low back pain and depression in participants (P <0.05). However, no significant difference between mean pain intensity in male and female employees was observed (P> 0.05).
Conclusion: The relationship between LBP and depression among the staff in this study was revealed. It is necessary to pay attention towards physical-psychological factors and also mental and physical vitality for preventing and treatment of LBP.
Conclusion: the relationship between (LBP) and depression among the staff in this study, it is necessary to pay attention towards physical-psychological factors and mental and physical vitality for preventing and treatment of (LBP) will be advised.
 

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The rise of bacterial infections has become a serious problem in human societies. As a result, the development of nanocomposite materials based on biocompatible and non-hazardous materials, besides having antimicrobial and biocompatibility or non-cytotoxicity, associated with unique structural properties, possesses a great importance. Research approach: In this study, bacterial cellulose (BC)/polypyrrole (PPy) and zinc nanoparticles (ZnO), which simultaneously have antimicrobial properties and cell proliferation, were introduced as a new generation of nanocomposite scaffolds produced by freeze-drying. To begin with, ZnO with different weight percentages of 1%, 3% and 5% was added to BC and then PPy in the amount of 2 mmol was embedded in the structure by in situ polymerization. FESEM images proved that the nanofibrous and porous structure of BC was also preserved in the presence of PPy and ZnO. However, after adding PPy and ZnO, they formed a dense structure and microstructure of grape clusters. By adding 2 mmol PPy into BC and upon in situ synthesizing, the tensile strength and Young modulus of BC were significantly reduced to 71 MPa and 2.5 GPa, respectively. On the other hand, with the addition of ZnO nanoparticles, the mechanical properties significantly increased (both of Young modulus and tensile strength compared to BC/PPy samples) due to the compaction of the nanocomposite aerogel’s structure and the formation of the interface of ZnO nanoparticles with both polymers of BC and PPy. The observation of the inhibition zone in the culture medium containing two gram-positive and negative bacteria, well proved the antibacterial ability of ternary nanocomposite scaffolds. The results of MT9 related to L929 on aerogels showed that by adding 3% of ZnO nanoparticles, adhesion and cell proliferation increased significantly during different days of 1 day, 5 days and 7 days of culture.

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Aim: Oral hygiene must start at a young age. Childhood is the perfect time to start the conversion of knowledge into creative thinking and subsequent health care activity. This study aimed to measure the constructs of the Health Belief Model (HBM) in relation to the oral health practice of female students in Tehran.
Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 416 grade five female students of elementary schools in the school year of 2016-2017 in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected using an author-designed questionnaire based on the constructs of the HBM. The validity of the questionnaire was confirmed using face validity while its reliability was approved using Cronbach’s alpha statistics. Data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation and regression analysis at 0.05 level of significance.
Findings: According to the findings, the mean age of the participants was 10.88±0.628 years. Pearson's correlation showed that four the HBM constructs of Self-efficacy, Cues to action, Perceived benefits, Perceived barriers were significant predictors for oral health practices (P < 0.05). In addition, the variables of knowledge and socio– economic conditions (mother's educational level, father's educational level, mother's job, father's job and family income) had significant relationship with performance (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: Our study shows that for improving the beliefs related with oral health behaviors, designing educational programs with emphasis on increasing self-efficacy and perceived benefits, and overcoming the barriers to promote oral health behaviors is essential.

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The effect of thyme Thymus vulgaris L. androsemary Rosmarinus officinalis (L.) essential oils on life table parameters of red rose aphid Macrosiphum rosae (L.) oncut flower rose Rosa hybrida L. were investigated in laboratory conditions (27 ± 2 oC, 70 ± 5% humidity and a photoperiod of 16L:8Dh), during 2014-2015. The results on the basis of LC50 values showed that the M. rosae was significantly more sensitive to the oil of T. vulgaris (LC50 = 36621 ppm) than R. officinalis (LC50 = 57565 ppm). Also, Investigation of the thyme essential oil on life table parameters of M. rosae showed that the net reproductive rate (R0) values changed from 16.62 ± 2.31 to 29.10 ± 1.97 female offspring, the intrinsic rate of increase (r) values ranged from 0.177 ± 0.01 to 0.229 ± 0.13 day-1, the mean generation time (T) was 13.92 ± 0.22 to 15.88 ± 0.19 days, the DT values ranged from 3.01 ± 0.05 to 3.90 ± 0.007 days and the finite rate of increase (λ) values was 1.19 ± 0.003 to 1.26 ± 0.06 day-1. Also, the rosemary essential oil on life table parameters of red rose aphid revealed that the R0 values ranged from 17.87 ± 1.97 to 31.97 ± 1.98 female offspring,the r values ranged from 0.185 ± 0.02 to 0.237 ± 0.001 day-1, the mean generation time (T) was 14.45 ± 0.23 to 15.99 ± 0.21 days, the DT ranged from 2.85 ± 0.14 to 3.71 ± 0.14 days and the λ values was 1.20 ± 0.01 to 1.27 ± 0.02 day-1.The results revealed that the essential oils of rosemary and thyme used in this research had a significant difference on population parameters of rose aphid. The maximum mortality percent of M. rosae population registered 86.12 ± 1.02% and 90.21 ± 1.12% for rosemary and thyme essential oils, respectively. Hence, T. vulgaris had higher insecticidal effect than R. officinalis essential oil on rose aphid population.

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This survey-study carried out among 360 randomly selected farmers living in drought-prone areas of Fars Province, Iran, set out to investigate the perceptions and psychologi-cal coping strategies of farmers when facing drought. Results showed that farmers per-ceived drought as a threat to all of their resources (material, conditions, personal, social and energies) and used emotion-focused and reactive problem-focused coping strategies rather than problem-focused strategies that require planning and being innovative to counteract its psychological consequences. Using structural equations modeling (SEM), relationships between perceived resource loss and the way farmers cope with drought were tested. Problem-focused coping was predicted by a greater loss of objects (e.g., yield, work utilities, land) and personal resources (e.g. motivation, patience and self-efficacy), but a smaller loss of energies (e.g. time and money). Predictors of emotion-focused coping were a greater loss of objects and energies, but smaller losses of condition and personal resources. The implications for educational interventions are discussed.

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Despite successful lime witches'-broom (LWB) phytoplasma transmission by Hishimonus phycitis to the lime trees and Bakraee seedlings, there is no published document regarding LWB transmission by H. phycitis to lime seedlings. To study the possibility of vector-based transmission to lime seedlings, the feral leafhoppers were collected in LWB-infected lime orchards and caged on one-year old Mexican lime seedlings. Six months after inoculation, 50% of inoculated seedlings showed typical symptoms of LWB and were strongly positive in PCR assays. To our knowledge, this is the first report of transmission of Ca. P. aurantifolia to Mexican lime seedlings by H. phycitis under greenhouse condition.
 
 

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Abstract: The influence of aggregate gradation on the permeability and mechanical properties of porous concrete was investigated. A standard mix and five standard aggregate gradations were selected. Since porous concrete contains no or little fine aggregate, its structure is formed by the interlocking of the coarse aggregates. So the aggregate gradation is a very important characteristic as it influences such properties of porous concrete as strength and permeability. There was statistically significant difference between the results from the strength and water permeability of porous concrete with different aggregate gradations. For example, the difference between minimum and maximum compressive strength was 33%, and a 20% difference was obtained for flexural strength. It was found that the uniformity coefficient has influence on the flexural strength of porous concrete. In order to develop the flexural bending strength prediction model, the two parameters of compressive and uniformity coefficient were explained using linear regression model. The obtained Goodness of fit (R2) for this model was 0.879. The results of the current investigation showed how fine aggregate influenced the compressive and permeability of porous concrete.

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The waste produced by households, industry and factories to use as wash water and cooling systems and equipment, is caused environmental complications. Waste created a suitable environment for the growth of odor and pathogenic bacteria. This study aimed to isolate microorganisms in the wastewater and use them for the reduction of BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) and COD (chemical oxygen demand).The samples were collected aseptically from different parts of wastewater of herbal distillation industry. The bacterial strains were isolated from the samples in LB media. The isolates were distinguished based on the morphology and biochemical characteristics. Among the total 69 isolates, four isolates were selected to measure the ability to reduce BOD and COD and added to the waste water. Reduction of BOD was measured using BOD meter. Also, COD was determined by titration method. The isolates were identified by biochemical tests. The amount of BOD and COD reduction after adding selected strains to wastewater was 47.43 - 71.82% and 44.79 - 56.5% respectively. Also, the consortium of bacterial strains showed better ability to reduce BOD and COD (38.32-57.29%and 76.6-83.21% respectively). The results determined that wastewater contains bacterial strains which have shown significant reduction in BOD and COD and organic matter decomposition in wastewater and reuse it in agricultural and industrial sectors. Therefore, we can use these bacteria for wastewater treatment.