---

Abstract
One of the essensial ideals of each governance is the realization of good governance in public satisfaction and accordingly consistency of governance path.So, various devices in the hands of government to achieve this goal.one of these devices is the suitable way of the governance running cost and expenditure. Efficiency of public expenditure is one of the important indexes in evaluation of governance performance.Thus, cognition and explaining public expenditure management framework in the light of good governance as a one of imporatant issues, is the base pivot of this paper. On the basis of present study with a qualitative method by applied approach at first is attempted to whilst study of literature and history studies, combined with expert opinions 12 persons of financial and budgeting (in 2 groups of universities and executive experts. who selected by snow ball sampling and public expenditure management aspects in the research community, processes and components of the public sectors (in the form of content analysis) to be extracted.In continuose, for increasing validity, using Results of the study from validation and qualitative strategies. Finally results shows the main aspects of suggested framework (consist of planning and resource allocation, financial disciplines, operational management), forming components of each of these dimension and their relations to good governance basics is recognized.



Key words
Public Expenditure Management, Good Governance, Allocation of Resource, Fiscal Discipline, Operational Management

---

The public order is one of the rules that restricts individual contractual will which has an important role in all the legal systemes. This rule that in the foreign legal writings about contracts , is studying under "the causes that invalid contracts" has not a similar state in the legal systemes of England, France and Iran. In all the adove mentioned systems, the contracts which violate public order or morals are null and void but they differ in respect of the effects of this invalidity. In all of them, enforcement of contract is impossible but there are differences in respect of possibility of restoration of consideration and possibility of brining a suit for compensation. In both England and France Law systems there are exceptions about possibility of restoration of consideration and compensation whereas there are differences between them about the type of these exceptions and the situation in which these exceptions are acted. In the Iranian legal system the enforcement of contracts Against public order is impossible also restoration of consideration and compensation (without any exception) seems to be impossible. In this article, writers have tried to discuss these subjects and criticize the traditional theory which has an age old place among Iranian Lawyers.

---

This study aimed to valorize Atractylis gummifera rhizome (AGR) from a phytochemical study aspect of the aqueous and methanolic extract to determine the total phenolic, flavonoids, and tannins compounds and to evaluate the rat poison effect of the powder (AGRP), methanolic (MEAGR) and aqueous extracts against Wistar rats under laboratory and Rattus norvegicus under field conditions in Tiaret, Algeria. The methanolic and aqueous extracts gave a yield of 9.4% and 20% respectively from AGR. The total polyphenols [mg gallic acid Eq/g dry matter (DM)], flavonoids (mg quercetin Eq /g DM), and tannins (mg catechin Eq/g DM) quantities were 27.14 ± 0.01, 17.73 ± 0.04, 9.71 ± 0.01, and 20.60 ± 0.01, 4.46 ± 0.46, 11.12 ± 0.02 in the methanolic and aqueous extract. The laboratory studies of toxicity showed that the three forms of plant rhizome have a poison effect against males and females of the Wistar rat with the highly toxic effect of AGRP. The results revealed a highly significant (< 0.01) increase in mortality with dose and time. Both LD₅₀ and LD₉₀ of the powder form were determined for males (471, 513 mg/kg/d) and females (471, 513 mg/kg/d) respectively. For the methanolic and aqueous extracts, the LD₅₀ values were 575 and 646 mg/kg/d for males and 676 and 708 mg/kg/d for females, respectively. While an LD₉₀ of 776 mg/kg/d was calculated for MEAGR in males, no LD₉₀ values were recorded for aqueous extract in either sex. Organs of dead rats were removed and examined for gross lesions. Histopathological examination confirmed the toxicity of the plant by pathological changes observed in the kidneys, liver, lungs, and small intestine, where hemorrhage and congestion were observed in the liver, kidneys, and lungs in all the subjects, also intestinal enteritis was present. In the light of the results obtained in the field test, the AGRP has proved its effectiveness in a significant reduction of rodent’s population in comparison with the chemical rodenticides. Powder of A. gummifera rhizome may be a good alternative to chemical rodenticides.

---

Abstract The word "Sharia" which in the Islamic legal studies is translated as "Islamic law", is not adequate to define Islamic law, because Sharia covers a wider range of meanings than law usually does. Thus modern muslim jurists often define Sharia as reveald or divine law in order to distinguish it from "Fiqh". The mentioned conception of Sharia has problematized the binding nature of law in Islam, because it conceals its material bases in social norms. Therefore, it is a necessary task to Muslim jurists to make an effort to keep Islamic law acceptable by bringing the legal norms close to social norms. Thus: 1- Islamic law needs a basic reform in its legal horizon. Therefore, Islamic jurists should redefine the normative bases of Islamic law so that thay can make the social norms close to law. 2- The historical review of Islamic law is one of the important points that teaches us that Islamic law in the past had a more closer connection to social norms and there fore, this point should be attended that social norms are changeable, thus Islamic law should be in correspondent with this changeable nature. Keywords: Social norms, Legal norms, Shari`a, Philosophy Figh.

---

The nature of law is one of the most important questions of philosophy of law. In the contemporary legal theories, two approaches can be identified about the nature of law: 1) We need to understand the general conditions which would render any putative norm that is legally valid. Is it, for example, just a matter of the source of the norms, such as its enactment by a particular political institution, or is it also a matter of the norm`s content? This is the general question about the conditions of legal validity. 2) There is the interest in the normative aspect of law. This interest is twofold: a complete philosophical account of the normativity of law that comprises both its explanatory role and normative – justificatory task. The explanatory task consists of an attempt to explain how normatively of law can give rise to the reason for action and what kinds of reason are involved. The task of justification concerns the elucidation of the reason people ought to have for acknowledging the law`s normative aspect. In other words, it is the attempt to explain the moral legitimacy of law.

---

     When studying the French and Iranian contract law, it is difficult to reconcile all of it with a single approach. The mainstream, neoclassical approach, based on the assumption that rules have to be chosen such that maximize social wealth (or, at other times, lead to a Pareto-efficient outcome), can help us to understand an important part of that body of law. But, as will be shown, certain French doctrines and Iranian Law of contract cannot be reconciled with neither a Paretian approach, nor a wealth maximizing approach.  In some instances, the law seems to be more concerned with the safety of expectations. In the next two sections, we will examine the main doctrines and rules of the French and Iranian contract law, trying to identify those that are compatible with both principles and are compatible with only one.                  
*Corresponding Author`s E-mail: tafreshi@modares.ac.ir

---

ancient literature. In this process, the authors try to interpret the ancient literature in accordance with the spirits and mentalities of modern man. This plays an important role in enriching literary works and the relationship between cultures in different periods. The purpose of this study is to investigate the contemporaryization of ancient lyrical poems in some Persian novels(Winter 62 by Ismail Faceeh, Bamdad Khomar by Fataneh Haj Seyed Javadi, His eyes by Alavi Bozorg, Kiss God on the moon by Mustafa Mastoor, Dal Mahmoud Golabderehi, Night harmony of the wood orchestra by Reza Qasemi) is based on the documentary method. The results of the research show that the mentioned authors have mostly focused on contemporaryizing Hafez's poetry and have presented a new reading of lyrical poems according to the cultural, social and political conditions of the time and in accordance with their mental perceptions. They have used ancient lyrical poems to show the mentality of their characters and identities, and the themes of many of these novels have been conveyed through these poems or the theme of the novel is derived from the dominant thought. These poems have also played an important role in describing the place, atmosphere, creating realism and the connection between past and contemporary culture in Iran.

---

Whenever a person is the owner or possession guard of a vehicle in terms of the relation with that vehicle and that vehicle is damaged, he is liabile to compensate it.
In Iran law, according to the law of civil liabilityfault is the basis of civil liability. The liabile of the motor vehicle owner has the obligation to get compulsory third party insurance, and in French law, has the objective liability that is not failed even with the act of God. In case of non-engine vehicles, the owner would be liabile after the fault is proved; however, in France law, the fault goes to the guard of these vehicles. In case of water vehicles, Iran's maritime law points to the necessity of owner’s fault as a liabile. In January 1967, the Law 3 of France emphasized on the non-supposability of the ship owner’s fault. In case of aerial transportation vehicles, the existing laws point to the necessity of owner’s fault as a liabile. In French law, the liability of the aerial transportation vehicle is of typical, and is not canceled even by proving the compulsory accidents.

---

In this research, the authors have tried to analyze the three main currents of Iranian political intellectuals in the four periods of Ahmad Shamlou's intellectual life in a descriptive-analytical way and with a library method. Examining Shamlu's poems, it is determined that Shamlu is a poet born from the heart of the society and belongs to the masses, and his poetry is the manifestation of the realities of the society and the ideals of the masses, and in his political poems, he wants to remain in the memory of the society as an intellectual. Stay as a poet. An intellectual who has used poetry as a tool for his struggle. He expects the reader to look at his poetry as a tool. A tool that is supposed to serve as an awareness for their creation and liberatio.

---

A person is liable for compensating damages caused by an object (e.g. building, animal, etc.) which is in his/her possession if the that object is under his/her supervision. By objects, In the context of French civil law, it means every thing other than human being. According to Iranian Civil Liability Act, fault is the basis of civil liability. With respect to damages caused by destruction of building, the legislator takes the same viewpoint as well. This sort of liability is imposed on the guardian of building, who is actually the owner of the building as well, unless some one else occupies the given building. Although, some responsibilities are assigned to new occupant,  In the law of France, the basis of civil liability for damages, incurred as the result of building destruction, is fault. According to the French Civil Code, Fault is also assumed to be the basis of liability of owners of animal while the owners are strictly considered  liable for some sorts of damages within the Islamic Penal Code of Iran. Liability of the owners of animals is based on guardianship theory. in the law of  France regarding the fault as the key presumption.

---

A significant portion of world energy consumption belongs to building sector, And HVAC systems have an important share in building energy usage. In this research, a novel HVAC system has been proposed which is based on three technologies of combined heating and power, ice thermal energy storage, and solar heating. The system is named CCHP-ITESS as an abbreviation of previously mentioned technologies. This system was modeled on a case study building in Tehran, to obtain energy consumption, costs, and payback results in comparison with conventional HVAC systems. In order to realize the effect of energy prices on the economical results, the same system and building were simulated for the city of Los Angeles,California,US. The results showed that both scenarios will lead to significant reduction in net source energy consumption, which is 36.87% reduction in Tehran and 40.28% reduction in Los Angeles. However, the system is not economically reasonable in Tehran because of the low energy prices and has a 39 years of payback period, but is absolutely feasible in Los Angeles with ab payback period of less than 3.5 years. As a result, application of this system is feasible in Los Angeles and not feasible in Tehran.

---

Most civil law and civil liability regimes emphasize the principle of balance between loss and the amount of damages awarded to the injured party. The principle of compensation in French law is without exception and has a similar application in the field of contracts and civil liability. In Iranian law, as we will see, this principle is questionable and it is better to call it the principle of balance between loss and compensation. This principle seems to be ineffective, especially with regard to unfair terms in consumer contracts. Under French law, these terms are prohibited in consumer contracts, where one party is a professional and the other party is a consumer. The forbidden term is removed from the contract, the rest of which remains valid. In Iranian law, the claim of invalidity is not documented in any laws and the existing enforcement sunctions does not have the necessary deterrent to prevent the losses. This study shows that in both legal systems, consumer protection laws do not effectively prevent contractual unfair terms, because the principle of full balance between loss and compensation does not create sufficient and effective incentives for the parties. Therefore, it is necessary to consider punitive damages in both legal systems as an effective incentive to avoid Lucrative faults. Consumer contracts - Punitive damages – Lucrative faults - Unfair terms.