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Volume 0, Issue 0 (ARTICLES IN PRESS 2024)
Abstract
Excessive consumption of fuel in greenhouse crops has caused irreparable damage to the environment and ultimately human health. Therefore, the present study highlights the need to change mental patterns regarding the type and method of optimal fuel consumption. The present study aimed to psychologically analyze greenhouse keepers' environmental behavior using the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). This study is descriptive-correlational. The statistical population of the research consisted of greenhouse cucumber growers in Kerman province, Iran (4946 people), of whom 356 were selected as a sample using the cluster sampling method. The sample size was estimated using the Karjesi and Morgan table. Data were collected using a structured and researcher-made questionnaire, and its validity and reliability (α= 0.91-0.94) were confirmed using various indices. Smart-PLS3 software was utilized to test the research hypotheses. The research findings indicated that the effects of three variables attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control on intention were statistically significant. Additionally, based on the results of structural equation modeling, intention significantly mediated the relationship between dependent and independent variables. Furthermore, the independent variables were able to account for 32% and 51% of the variance in behavioral intention and environmental behavior of greenhouse keepers in optimal fuel consumption, respectively. Given that sustained intrinsic motivation or strong intentions are necessary for maintaining long-term behavior, it is recommended that policies and programs focusing on the development and evaluation of behavioral interventions to promote fuel consumption behaviors be broadly centered on strengthening the intentions of greenhouse keepers. Under favorable conditions and with incentives, individuals are more likely to engage in optimal fuel consumption. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for government agencies, policymakers, agricultural extension and education agents, and researchers interested in devising strategies to reduce fossil fuel consumption.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (ARTICLES IN PRESS 2024)
Abstract
Nowadays, entrepreneurship and knowledge-based companies are highly considered. This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting Psychological Capital (PSyCap) in two groups of agricultural and non-agricultural knowledge-based companies from Science and Technology Park (STP) of Fars province, Iran. The population included the companies located in the STP incubators in Fars province. The data were collected from 238 participants (100 from agricultural and 138 from non-agricultural companies) as a sample through a questionnaire. Regarding the effect of services and facilites provided by STPs on the performance of companies at incubators, it is suggested that such services and facilities become more specialized and reinforced. In addition, it is emphasized to consider the necessity of educational and operational strategies in order to strengthen the entrepreneurial orientation, social capital, and PsyCap among members.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2023)
Abstract
Bahaar-e-Daanesh is one of the folk and ancient Indian legends in Persian language with the theme of love,written by Inaayatullaah Kanabweh Laahoori(died 1088 AH)who authored it in the year(1061 AH)under the name of Shah Jahaan Gurkaani. This book is part of fiction literature, that is,the intersection of folk and literary stories and in the Indian storytelling style, a story within a story. Its main and long story is fictional and its theme is the love of "Bahre-Varbaanu and Jahaandaarshaah" and the theme of the main story and its main sub-stories are stories about women's tricks. In the spring of knowledge, themes such as shape-shifting, spells, magic, incarnation in a shape-shifting state, awareness of the science of dismembering the body,and the transfer of the soul from one body to another can be seen throughout the stories. In addition, the presence and conquest of Divan and ghouls,talking with magical animals, using the magic in the elements of nature,etc. are present in all the stories. In this article, the functions of magic and its helpers,objects and tools of magic and the ways of using them, magical trips and places and surreal beings,ways to achieve magic factors and nullifiers. Magic and talismans in the stories of Bahaar-e-Daanesh have been examined and analyzed to emphasize the importance of studying,knowing and preserving the cultural and social background of folk tales,which is the most important platform for the presence and manifestation of mythological and ancient themes among the masses. It is the people - to be emphasized.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
Narrative discourse and the arrangement of its components that reflect the narrative world provide the accessibility terms to the ideology and hidden values in the text; hence, it is important in the multilateral understanding of literary texts. Because the experiences and comprehension of the authors in interaction with the surrounding world do not have a similar effect on their perception, the narrative discourse changes from one narrative type to another.In “Biroon Az Gozashteh” by “Mehri Bahrami”various worlds coexist, there is no border between reality and fantasy, and the multiverse idea helps to understand the narrative discourse of the story. The main objective of this article is to show the selection of elements of the discourse through which the author constructs the story and the dominant ideology of the text, by investigating the narrative discourse of the novel. This research is text-oriented and has been done using text analyzing method. The main focus of this article is to investigate criteria such as the narration type’ various kinds of narratorsand their relation with the characters’ embodied experiences the narrator and characters and in line with it the formation of aesthetic and symbolic objects and hidden location in the narration. In this novel, the narrator’s subjective functions and her connection to other constructive elements of the text have an identity function and reflect the ideology of a text that tries to depict a woman who wants to pass behind her cultural-historical past and create a new self of herself.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (ARTICLES IN PRESS 2024)
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of predicting variables of quality of life (hexagonal capitals, place attachment, benefiting of governmental services) and psychological coping strategies of Iranian farmer families facing climate variability. The method this research was survey, and the current research was analyzed using structural equation modeling. The participants were all farmer families living in the villages. The data were collected with a questionnaire and a stratified random sampling method. Findings revealed that variables of the proposed model were able to explain 69% of the changes quality of life under climate variability conditions. The results demonstrated that hexagonal capitals and place attachment had a positive and significant impact on psychological coping strategies and quality of life of farmer families. The implementation of specific interventions with the aim of farmers’ capitals reinforcement, paying attention to rural infrastructures and psychological interventions in order to enhance the resistance capacity of farmer families against climate variability has been recommended.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
Being a promising component of educational and occupational success, the inclusion of critical thinking in various aspects of schooling has gained momentum in recent years. Therefore, the present study investigated the Iranian 12th grade English language final examinations based on Bloom’s revised taxonomy in terms of “knowledge dimension” and “cognitive process dimension” over the last five years of exam administration. Using a quantitative content analysis design, the items of the aforementioned examinations administered from 2019 to 2023 were analyzed. The findings of the study showed that the frequency of “conceptual knowledge” items in the “knowledge dimension” and “understand” items in the “cognitive process dimension” were significantly higher based on the results of Chi-square test. Moreover, the frequency of items relevant to lower-order thinking skills was found to be considerably higher than that of the items related to higher-order thinking skills, although instances of top cognitive level items could be traced in these examinations. It was also revealed that there was no considerable change with regard to the inclusion of the two dimensions of Bloom’s revised taxonomy over the five years of administration under study. The results of this study can be a fillip for policy makers, textbook developers, and teachers to accelerate the required changes regarding the consideration of inclusion of critical thinking-based tasks in textbooks, lesson plans and examinations.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted at the time of publication 2024)
Abstract
In corpus stylistics, computational tools are used to conduct qualitative and quantitative analyses of the electronic corpora of literary works, through which the stylistic components of the texts are identified. This study aimed to determine the stylistic features of the works of Simin Daneshvar and Ebrahim Golestan using a corpus-based approach. For this purpose, the works of these two writers were examined using corpus analysis tools, including keyword and concordance analysis in the AntConc software. After extracting the positive keywords in these works, each keyword was examined in its real context in the concordance menu, and a semantic classification was performed based on their semantic domains. The examination and comparison of the positive keywords showed that the semantic domains of "social behavior, work and profession, state and grammar" are common in the works of both writers. This commonality from a stylistic perspective can be related to similar social norms and behaviors, as well as the similar time and place of life and growth of the two writers. Golestan's works are writer-centered, while Daneshvar's works are reader-oriented. Daneshvar's story characters are much more numerous (14 names with a frequency of 504) compared to Golestan, who used only 3 names with a frequency of 107. In Golestan's stories, there is no reference to religion semantic domain, while in Daneshvar's stories, this domain is addressed. Daneshvar establishes a greater connection with the characters in her stories by mentioning specific individuals.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (ARTICLES IN PRESS 2024)
Abstract
Biodiversity hotspots are key for identifying priority areas for species conservation. The Alborz Mountains, with two hotspots (the Caucasus on the northern slope and the Irano-Anatolian on the southern slope), provide an ideal landscape for assessing the impacts of vegetation, slope and elevation on species diversity. We examined the alpha and beta diversity of Braconidae across different slopes (northern/southern), elevations (upper/lower positions) and provinces (Guilan, Mazandaran, Qazvin, Tehran, Alborz) in northern Iran. Using 31 Malaise traps, we collected 276 species and 5950 individuals from 20 subfamilies. Shannon-Wiener and Brillouin’s indices showed higher diversity on the northern slope. Species diversity peaked at mid-elevation (800–1200 m). Alpha diversity was highest in Guilan and Alborz-Tehran. Beta diversity analysis indicated that slope, elevation and province influenced species composition. Similar compositions were found in Mazandaran-Guilan (northern slope), and Alborz-Tehran and Qazvin (southern slope) in vegetation zones with similar environmental conditions. Additionally, the highest species composition similarity was observed between the southern and northern slope positions and upper positions of both slopes. These findings have important implications towards the maintenance of the diversity of braconids, a major beneficial species group, by prioritizing their hotspots.
Volume 0, Issue 0 (ARTICLES IN PRESS 2024)
Abstract
The challenge of water scarcity poses a significant environmental challenge for the agricultural sector, jeopardizing the sustainable production of vital crops like wheat. Iranian provinces that produce wheat have varying water resources and climatic conditions. These differences have resulted in distinct economic benefits and environmental risks in wheat production among the provinces. In this study, the water footprint of wheat in each province was calculated from 2000 to 2020, and its environmental costs were deducted from the gross margin. Consequently, the social benefit was considered as the return of the wheat production portfolio in each province to manage the risk of sustainable production. Subsequently, the portfolio theory was employed through quadratic mathematical programming to minimize the social benefit-risk and determine the proportion of wheat cultivation in each province for optimal portfolio and sustainable production. The results showed that the provinces of Khuzestan (21.6%), Fars (17.1%), Hamedan (16.1%), Kurdestan (13.2%), Khorasan Razavi (11.4%), Golestan (11.3%), Qazvin (5%), and Kermanshah (4.3%) are in the optimal portfolio. In the optimal portfolio, a significant share of wheat production was related to the provinces with low risk in production (Khuzestan and Fars). The findings suggest that it is necessary to consider economic risks along with environmental risks to achieve sustainable production in the long run. As a result, the eastern and central provinces (Sistan and Baluchestan, South Khorasan, Semnan, Isfahan, Yazd) with the highest water footprint were removed from the optimal portfolio, and the western provinces with higher gross margin and lower water footprint were replaced with a larger share (Kermanshah, Hamedan, and Kurdistan).
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Articles accepted for Publication 2024)
Abstract
Aim and Introduction
Over the past few decades, the housing market has experienced recurrent boom-and-bust cycles and considerable price volatility. A significant portion of this volatility can be attributed to speculative activities. Speculators often purchase properties with the expectation of future price increases, which contributes to the formation of housing price bubble. These bubbles not only destabilize the economy but also lead to serious social consequences. As such, policymakers have consistently focused on identifying the determinants of speculative behavior and housing market bubbles. One of the government’s regulatory instruments in this domain is the transfer tax, intended to influence trader behavior and mitigate housing price bubbles. This study investigates the effect of transfer tax policies on the housing price bubble in Shiraz city.
Methodology
This research employs an Agent-Based Model (ABM) to simulate the dynamic processes of the housing market and analyze the contributing factors to price bubble formation. The model incorporates four key agents active in the housing market: sellers, buyers (including both personal-consumption and speculative buyers), developers, and real estate agencies. Data and statistics up to the beginning of 1401 (2022) were incorporated into the model to forecast housing prices in Shiraz through 1409 (2030).
Three scenarios were tested by varying the proportion of speculative buyers—30%, 50%, and 70%—and applying different transfer tax rates of 1% and 5%. The simulation explores how these variables influence the magnitude and growth of the housing price bubble under different market conditions.
Results and Discussion
The findings reveal that, regardless of the proportion of speculative buyers, the implementation of transfer taxes can reduce the housing price bubble in Shiraz. However, the extent of this effect varies with market conditions. These results align with prior studies, such as Chen (2017) and Izadkhasthi et al. (2018), which found that transfer taxes can mitigate housing price volatility.
Proponents of transfer taxes argue that speculative activities drive housing price bubbles and that such taxes increase transaction costs, thereby reducing speculative trading and contributing to market stability. For instance, with a 70% speculative buyer share and a 5% tax rate, the housing price bubble decreased by approximately 25% between 1401 and 1409. In contrast, a 1% tax rate under the same market conditions led to a 22% reduction in the bubble. However, when only 30% of buyers were speculative, the tax had a comparatively more minor effect, indicating that the efficacy of the tax diminishes when fewer speculators are present.
Conclusion
The results suggest that increasing the transfer tax rate does not necessarily reduce the housing price bubble. In scenarios with 30%, 40%, and 50% speculative buyer presence, higher average tax rates did not result in a significant reduction in the housing bubble and, in some cases, slightly intensified it. This supports earlier warnings in financial economics literature—such as those by Schwert and Seguin (1993) – that excessive transaction taxes may deter informed traders, who play a vital role in maintaining market efficiency and price stability. Similarly, Friedman (1953) emphasized the stabilizing role of rational traders in financial markets.
According to the simulation results, Article 59 of Iran’s Direct Taxes Law, which stipulates a 5% transfer tax, may help reduce housing bubbles in Shiraz and potentially nationwide. However, the optimal tax rate should be adaptive and context-specific, considering the varying proportions of speculative and non-speculative market participants. Therefore, the government is advised to collect comprehensive data on the structure of the housing market, assess the share of speculative transactions, and adjust tax rates accordingly.
Moreover, since the transfer tax only applies to documented transactions, many informal or contract-based transactions—particularly those occurring prior to property completion—escape taxation. In such cases, builders may sell properties through promissory notes or undocumented agreements, which are difficult to track and tax. As a result, it is recommended that the government strengthen monitoring mechanisms for such transactions. This includes identifying and intercepting units exchanged informally or without official documentation to ensure both effective taxation and bubble control.
Samad Jamali, Zia Banihashemi,
Volume 1, Issue 1 (3-2012)
Abstract
Fungi associated with ascocarps of Terfezia claveryi, Tirmania nivea, T. pinoyi, Picoa lefebvrei and P. juniperi in Iran showed a wide range of genera and species in 94 samples collected during 2005–2009 from different regions including Fars, Systan and Baluchestan, Kerman, East Azarbaijan, Khuzestan, Kermanshah and Hormozgan provinces. Thirty two species belonging to 21 genera were recovered from ascocarps of truffles on two culture media. Penicillium chrysogenum, P. citrinum, P. griseofulvum, P. brevicompactum, P. crustosum, P. oxalicum, Aspergillus carbonarius, A. niger, A. flavus and A. terreus were the most common fungal species isolated on glucose–Czapek agar medium. The number of fungal species recovered on 20% NaCl–Czapek agar were less (4 genera and 10 species). The most abundant fungal genera belonged to Penicillium and Aspergillus. Also, Paecilomyces lilacinus and Scopulariopsis halophilica could grow on Czapek agar medium amended with 20 % NaCl. Other fungal species were not able to grow on this medium.
Volume 1, Issue 1 (3-2013)
Abstract
Prangos ferulacea (L.) Lindl. (Umbelliferae family) is a dominant species in the some partial of habitats in Zagros Mountains. According to ethno-botanical studies, this plant is one of the best range plants of Iran. Local ranchers collect green Prangos while it is toxic. They then dry the plant and use it to feed their livestock, especially in winter season. This research done to analyse the changes in the chemical composition of Pr. ferulacea with the effects of time, location and type of secondary metabolisms. Therefore, the ingredients and amounts of the essential oils of Prangos were studied during the growing and flowering stages (in both green/fresh and dried forms) to track such changes. The results showed that the amounts of terpinolene, β-phellandrene and bornyl acetate were decreased in the dried form, and some of the harmful components, such as α-pinene, β-pinene, myrcen and delta-3-carene, were absent, rendering the plant non-toxic. These results confirm the opinion of the ranchers. In the growing stage, the amount of coumarin was significantly less than in the flowering stage, which also supports the conduct of the local ranchers who gather the plants at the most appropriate time.
Volume 1, Issue 1 (9-2015)
Abstract
In Iran, a total of 12 species of Coccomorpha from five scale insect families have been recorded on Artemisia spp. (Asteraceae): Acanthococcidae (1), Coccidae (3), Diaspididae (4), Ortheziidae (1) and Pseudococcidae (3). In this study Peliococcus chersonensis (Kiritshenko), Pelionella grassiana (Goux) (Pseudococcidae) are redescribed and illustrated based on adult females to show their morphology in Iran, and also Rhizococcus borchsenii (Danzig) (Acanthococcidae) are newly recorded for the first time from Iran. Species that have been previously collected or recorded on Artemisia in Iran are listed and information is given about host plants and global distribution for each species.
Samad Jamali, Zia Banihashemi,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (6-2012)
Abstract
The genus Phaeoacremonium is associated with decline disease of woody plants and with human infections. Members of this genus have broad host range and wide geographical distribution. During 2010, ten isolates of Phaeoacremonium were recovered from vascular tissues of persimmon (Diospyros kaki) trees, showing decline symptoms in Shiraz city. Anamorphic characteristics such as, conidiophore morphology, phialide type and shape, size of hyphal warts, conidial size and shape were investigated. Based on morphological characteristics the presence of Pm. rubrigenum in Iran was documented. To confirm morphological identification, DNA was extracted from isolates using a genomic DNA purification Kit. Region of internal transcribed spacers 1, 2 and 5.8S genes of rDNA were amplified using ITS4 and ITS1 universal primer set. Fragments of 630 bp were recovered from PCR, purified, sequenced, edited and deposited in GenBank. Pm. rubrigenum isolates had an average of 99 % identity with all P. rubrigenum sequences compared. This species is a new report from Iran.
Volume 1, Issue 2 (Summer 2008)
Abstract
When the elements and different components of a literary work are studied and their relation to each other and to the totality of the work is made clear,a reader can claim that she/he has had a formalistic reading of the work.Such a reading facilitates commenting on how the elements and components of the work are interrelated( vertically and horizontally).
In this paper,the form and structure of a Ghazal( sonnet) of Bidel Dehlavi are re-read, using the intratextual signs.The first line reads:
YEK TAARE MU GAR AZ SARE DONYE GOZASHTEI
SAD KAHKESHAN ZE OJE SORAYYA GOZASHTEI
The theme of this Ghazal which is continuously repeated all through the poem is "advice to return to oneself and put under observation one’s inner self in the bed of the hastening and transitory time".The subject matters of movement,passing,transition and transformation are spread all through the Ghazal .However the link between the lines of the Ghazal is not the sort of link to create a "bodily structure",rather each line of this Ghazal is a separate bead,related to the other beads by a string( the subject matters of movement and passing of time) creating a necklace( a Ghazal).
Volume 1, Issue 2 (Fall & Winter 2014)
Abstract
قرآن کریم اصیل ترین سرچشمه ی آموزه ها، به فصیح ترین زبان نازل شده، از این رو برای ترویج و تبلیغ مفاهیم والا و معارف بلند آن، ترجمه و شرح حقایق جاودانه اش به زبان های مختلف دنیا ناگزیر می نماید. از دیرباز و از سده های نخستین اسلام، متفکران و قرآن پژوهان بسیاری در ترجمه پذیری یا ترجمه ناپذیری قرآن، اصول و مبانی ترجمه ی قرآن و انواع سبک های ترجمه ی آن قلم فرسایی کرده و ترجمه هایی شیوا و روان هم ارائه داده اند؛ در این میان فرزانگان نکته سنج، لغزش ها و غفلت ها را یافته و با نقدهای عالمانه، ترجمه ها را به سوی اتقان و استحکام بیشتری سوق داده اند. نویسنده در پژوهش حاضر برآن است تا با روش توصیفی- تحلیلی ابتدا به طور خلاصه به ذکر انواع ترجمه بپردازد سپس مصادیقی از نارسایی های ترجمه ی منظوم در حوزه ی ساختارهای واژگانی، دستوری، آوایی و معنایی را در ترجمه خدا امینیان بیان کند. مهمترین دستاورد این پژوهش آنست که شعر با وجود آرایش های لفظی و معنوی غالبا تکلف آمیز و تابع هنرنمایی و سلیقه ی گوینده است، به همین دلیل شاعر قبل از اینکه از متن پیروی کند تابع ضرورت های شعری و تنگنای وزن و قافیه است؛ در نتیجه واژگان انتخاب شده یا بیش از متن عربی است یا با آن تفاوت دارد. این حقیقت در مورد ترجمه ی قرآن- چه نظم و چه نثر- انکار ناپذیر است و نشان می دهد هنوز با ترجمه ی مطلوب، فاصله بسیار است.
Volume 1, Issue 2 (7-2014)
Abstract
Background: Cells have complex network of antioxidant enzymes that protect cells from induced damages by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Catalase and superoxide dismutase are known for their role as primary protection against oxidative stress. Oxidative damage is an important risk factor in age-related macular degeneration disease (AMD). For the first time in this study the impact of genetic polymorphisms of SOD1 and CAT with AMD has been examined. Hence, the association between genetic polymorphisms of catalase (CAT) C-262T, Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) A251G and risk of exudative AMD has been investigated. Methods: This study was carried out on blood samples collected from 112 exudative AMD patients and 112 healthy individuals. Genotyping of CAT C-262T and SOD1A251G was done by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. Differences in the frequencies were estimated using the χ2 test and risk was estimated with a logistic regression after adjusting for smoking, working place and age status. Results: There was significant difference between CAT CT+TT genotype and AMD disease (P=0.009, OR=0.38, 95%CI=0.18-0.78). Also T-allele has a significant association with risk of AMD and decreases risk of disease (P=0.036, OR=0.59, 95%CI=0.36-0.96), but there was no significant differences between SOD1A251G and variant homozygous and heterozygous frequencies in patients compared to controls (P=0.589, OR=0.77, 95%CI=0.3-1.96). Conclusions: The data presented suggest that the T-allele in CAT genotypes can increase catalase expression and activity, as a result of which generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can be decreased. Therefore it is suggested that increased expression of CAT as a result of T-allele in CAT genotypes and existence of T-allele in CAT genotypes is associated with decreased risk of AMD.
Volume 1, Issue 2 (winter 2018)
Abstract
The main purpose of this research is experimental and theoretical study on demulsifying components effect on demulsification rate of water-in-oil emulsions. In other words, some surfactants is considered and their function as a demulsifier in breaking crude oil emulsions has been investigated by bottle test. To develop a theoretical model to take into account the effect of demulsifier agent on demulsification rate of water-in-oil emulsion. Considering similarity between gas adsorption, and agent adsorption on the water-oil interface, a Langmuir isotherm based model is developed to correlate interfacial tension of water and oil phases to demulsifier concentration. Based on the proposed correlation, the collision frequency function in population balance equation is modified to account the effect of demulsifier agent on water droplets coalescence. The proposed model consists of some adjustable parameters that need to be fitted with experimental data. Therefore, a group of surface-active compounds are supplied and their demulsification capability is investigated through bottle test method. The experimental demulsification results are compared with population balance simulation results and it is apperared that the developed model could appropriately reproduce experimental data at different agent concentrations.
Volume 2, Issue 2 (Issue 2 (Tome 3)- 2012)
Abstract
Reducing consumption of fossil fuel, is a key effort to promote sustainable development. Transportation sector is one of the most important parts of fuel consumers. Urban form is one of the most important and effective factors in fuel consumption in transportation sector. Urban form includes some criterions such as density, mix land use and internal development of city. In order to reduce fuel consumption in transportation sector, urban form should be changed. This issue is more necessary due to increasing urban population and urban sprawl. Resident’s use of private car increases with distance from city center and lack of proper public transport system. This not only causes increasing of the fuel consumption, but also it increases emission of greenhouse gases, noise pollution and traffic congestion. The present study has followed explanation of relationship between urban form and energy consumption in transportation sector. For this purpose, the theory of urban form, including compact city, transit-oriented development and Neo-traditional development and studies in other countries are surveyed and analyzed. Research findings indicate that socio-economic characteristics and physical variables and urban form are affected the usage of private car and fuel consumption in transportation sector. This study which is based on the findings of survey and analysis, seeks to develop a general conceptual framework for understanding the effective factors in Households Fuel Consumption in Transportation Sector.
Volume 2, Issue 2 (Number 2 - 2000)
Abstract
In a field experiment the effect of five planting densities (100, 175. 250, 325 and 400
plants in"2 ) with or without foliar application of chlormequat chloride (2-till o methyltrimethyl
uminonion chloride, CCC) on growth, development and grain yield of winter
barley (cv Valfajr) was studied. The results indicated that Increasing plant density
hastened the rate of apical development and stem elongation. This pattern continued
up to the beginning of rapid stem elongation phase (Zadoks growth stage 32).
However, during the rapid stem elongation and ear growth, the pattern was reversed
i.e. it had become slightly in favor of the lower densities. Increasing plant density up
to 25(1 plants in"2 increased the grain yield, however, from 250 to 400 plants m"2 there
was no significant change in grain yield. It appeared that the higher planting
densities, i.e. 250 to 400 plants m~- were in a range around the supposed "optimum"
density. Foliar application of CCC slowed down the rate of apical development and
stein elongation in all plant densities, hut without any significant effect on its spikelet
initiation rate. Such retardation of development in CCC-treatecl plants was initially
associated with lower dry weight accumulation. However, this trend was reversed
before anthesis, as the CCC- treated plants had accumulated more dry matter by anthesis,
and gave a higher grain yield. The interactive effect of CCC and plant density is
worthy of further exploration.