Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Crop Protection 2251-9041 14 4 2025 11 01 Cashew Fusarium wilt: Status and management 345 361 27838 10.48311/jcp.2025.76222.0 EN Stanslaus A. Lilai Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute-Naliendele, P. O. BOX: 509, Mtwara, Tanzania. Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dares Salaam, Tanzania. Juma Hussein Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dares Salaam, Tanzania. Fortunus A. Kapinga Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute-Naliendele, P. O. BOX: 509, Mtwara, Tanzania. Stela G. Temu Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dares Salaam, Tanzania. Wilson A. Nene Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute-Naliendele, P. O. BOX: 509, Mtwara, Tanzania. Donatha D. Tibuhwa Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology; College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Dares Salaam, Tanzania. Journal Article 2024 11 01 Abstract: The cashew nut crop, Anacardium occidentale L., is one of the most important export cash crops in Tanzania, contributing to the national income and that of over 500,000 households. Cashew yields have been recorded as low for the last three decades. Biotic restrictions, including insect pests and diseases, have predominantly contributed to the recorded yield loss. Despite efforts to develop cashew protection technologies and new high-yielding, disease-tolerant cashew varieties, the situation has remained unchanged for the last decade. Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum is the major soilborne fungal pathogen affecting cashew in Tanzania. The devastating waves of Fusarium wilt epidemics have been observed in a diversity of crops globally, affecting both production and productivity. The infestations caused by Fusarium wilt may result in a loss of up to 100 percent if no precautionary measures are taken promptly. Presently, no pathogenic races are reported in the cashew crop despite the variation in symptoms exhibited in cashew plants. The development of molecular tools (specific primers) to distinguish between formae speciales and or pathogenic races is of paramount importance towards the establishment of precise and accurate management strategies. This is accompanied by an incorporation of a molecular breeding programme, which involves techniques for identifying molecular markers linked to genes controlling Fusarium wilt. However, integrated disease management, which encompasses cultural, chemical, and biological control, is also of paramount importance in preventing Fusarium wilt of cashew.

https://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article_27838_1041a1c29970d80d56b6dc22a9f4ab31.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Crop Protection 2251-9041 14 4 2025 10 11 Reaction of commercial sugar‑beet cultivars to beet curly top Iran virus (BCTIV) 363 377 27839 10.48311/jcp.2025.76293.0 EN Roya Kazemi Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Naser Safaei Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0001-6065-7010 Majid Pedram Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Reza Atighi Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Masoud Shams-Bakhsh Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. 0000-0002-4336-7705 Journal Article 2025 08 16 Beet curly top Iran virus (BCTIV; family Geminiviridae, genus Becurtovirus, species Becurtovirus betae) is a widespread pathogen that reduces sugar beet yields in the Mediterranean and Middle East regions. <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">This study aimed to investigate the reaction of seven commercial sugar beet cultivars to BCTIV to identify natural resistance to the virus. The cultivars were inoculated and maintained under greenhouse conditions. Virus accumulation was quantified at 56 days post-inoculation (dpi) through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The results showed that virus accumulation in Aria and Arta cultivars was lower than in other cultivars. On the other hand, Jolgeh, as a susceptible cultivar, <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">exhibited the highest virus accumulation, which coincided with the most severe symptoms. When Jolgeh was inoculated with the virus, it exhibited the lowest greenness, photosynthesis, chlorophyll a and b, carotenoids, catalase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, and proline compared to non-inoculated plants. Conversely, the Aria and Arta cultivars showed a smaller decline in the traits mentioned when inoculated with the virus. Collectively, the results of biochemical, physiological, and molecular assays revealed that the Aria and Arta cultivars were resistant to BCTIV infection. Since the virus has been reported in most sugar beet-growing areas in Iran, the Aria and Arta cultivars are recommended for cultivation in these regions.

https://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article_27839_611389a77a1fc86b81814dd2ab1662ef.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Crop Protection 2251-9041 14 4 2025 10 01 Efficacy of insecticides in toxic baits against the subterranean termite Microcerotermes diversus (Isoptera: Termitidae) 379 388 27842 10.48311/jcp.2025.76140.0 EN Fatemeh Yarahmadi Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, Mollsani, Khuzestan, Iran. Journal Article 2024 01 25 The subterranean termite Microcerotermes diversus Silvestri (Isoptera: Termitidae) is <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">a significant urban pest that infests wooden objects and trees in urban green spaces, causing substantial damage each year. In <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">this study, the <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">efficacy of four insecticides—azadirachtin, spinosad, emamectin benzoate plus lufenuron, and imidacloprid—<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">was evaluated for<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"> controlling this pest <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">under field conditions. To evaluate the antifeedant effects of the insecticides on the <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">insects, bait consumption was determined for each treatment. The results indicated that the lowest consumption <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">was observed <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">for the toxic bait containing azadirachtin, which suggests an antifeedant effect of the botanical insecticide. The highest consumption was observed <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">for the baits containing imidacloprid. To investigate the feeding activity and population status of the foraging termites, oriental beach blocks were <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">subjected to different treatments. The <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">greatest reduction in the weight of the blocks (an index <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">of termite feeding activity) and the highest termite density were observed in <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">the azadirachtin treatment<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">, and the lowest <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">were observed in the imidacloprid and emamectin benzoate + lufenuron treatments. Therefore, the field experiments <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">indicated that among <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">the different treatments, imidacloprid and emamectin benzoate plus lufenuron are the best candidates <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">for use <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">as toxic baits against M. diversus. Although azadirachtin <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">is not an appropriate insecticide <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">for use in toxic baits against M. diversus due to its antifeedant property, it can be used as an effective antifeedant compound to protect wooden objects or as a barrier against termite <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">entry into protected <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus'; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">environments.

https://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article_27842_6d96c43d1905c9a852dba3dd5370e0c4.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Crop Protection 2251-9041 14 4 2025 10 17 Phytotoxic potential of actinomycetes isolated from Mimosa pudica and Oryza sativa 389 403 27855 10.48311/jcp.2025.76101.0 EN Alimuddin Ali Biology Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia 90224. Biotechnology Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia 90222. Muhammad Junda Biology Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia 90224. Arni Putri Merdeka Wati Biology Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia 90224. Oslan Jumadi Biology Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia 90224. Biotechnology Study Program, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Negeri Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia 90222. Herlina Rante Laboratory of Pharmacy Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan Km 10, Makassar, Indonesia 90245. Journal Article 2023 10 04 This study aims to evaluate the phytotoxic activity produced by actinomycetes isolated from rhizosphere and endophytic plants. The study was conducted using 12 actinomycete strains recovered from various plants in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. The phytotoxin from the culture filtrate of fermentation broth of all strains was bioassayed on filter paper against seed germination of Mimosa pudica and Oryza sativa. The results showed that the actinomycetes culture filtrate of strain AAE05 and AAE16 has an 80% and 50% reduction in mimosa and paddy seed germination, respectively. Meanwhile, strain AAE16 reduced both test plants in the pre-emergence condition. Furthermore, the AAE16 strain’s 16S rRNA sequence was highly related to that of the <span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size: 10.0pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'B Lotus'; mso-ansi-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN;">Streptomyces pseudogriseolus strain NRRL B-3288. The phytotoxic activity of culture filtrates from AAE16 was also evident in germinated seedlings of both plants, as indicated by leaf curling, wilting, and burning in the post-emergence period. These results suggested that actinomycetes are a promising source of phytotoxic agents. Therefore, further investigations are recommended to explore these substances for structure elucidation, which may prove to be promising bioherbicide agents.

https://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article_27855_6c766ed2f0289e20a8097cfdba95f311.pdf