Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Crop Protection 2251-9041 14 1 2025 02 01 High detoxification enzyme and gene expression level in tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta, explains resistance to fenvalerate 1 10 1683 10.48311/jcp.2025.1683 EN Ehsan Baradaran Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-336, Iran. Azam Mikani Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-336, Iran. Saeid Moharramipour Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-336, Iran. 0000-0001-8389-8861 Mohammad Mehrabadi Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran 14115-336, Iran. Journal Article The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta, is a pest that greatly harms crops. Regrettably, the application of insecticides has resulted in the emergence of resistance in the tomato leafminer. Metabolic resistance is the most prevalent form of resistance, characterized by heightened esterase activity, cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, and glutathione S-transferase enzymes encoded by specific genes. This study investigated the metabolic resistance mechanisms associated with fenvalerate resistance in the tomato leafminer and explored the genes' status. Tomato leafminer populations in Iran showed varying levels of resistance to fenvalerate; the Tehran and Urmia populations were the most resistant and sensitive, respectively. The activity level of detoxifying enzymes, particularly cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, was found to be increased in the resistant populations (i.e., Tehran) compared to the susceptible one (i.e., Urmia). Gene expression analyses showed higher transcript levels of P450, esterases, and GSTs expression levels in the resistant population compared to the susceptible population. Our findings indicated that detoxification enzymes, especially cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, and differential expression of related genes contribute to fenvalerate resistance. Identifying the specific mechanisms behind resistance could assist in pest control and resistance management programs.

https://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article_1683_fddd7938a71db5f81fcc621673ab67b7.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Crop Protection 2251-9041 14 1 2025 02 01 Contribution to the knowledge of Iranian Opiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) with four new records 11 27 1684 10.48311/jcp.2025.1684 EN Sana Dolati Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, I. R. Iran. Ali Asghar Talebi Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, I. R. Iran. 0000-0001-5749-6391 Samira Farahani Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran. Journal Article A survey on the fauna of Opiinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was conducted in the north-central region (2010-2011) and Khuzestan Province, southwestern Iran (2016–2017). Specimens were collected using Malaise traps, leading to the identification of 32 species. Among these, Apodesmia ocellata (Wesmael, 1835), Opiostomus (Opiostomus) griffithsi (Fischer, 1962), and Xynobius (Xynobius) comatus (Wesmael, 1835) and Psyttalia (Psyttalia) romani (Fahringer, 1935) are recorded for the first time in Iran. Furthermore, twenty species are reported as new provincial records. A brief diagnosis accompanied by illustrations is provided for these new records in Iran.

https://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article_1684_1ef91c212e30e14bf125e9374262401f.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Crop Protection 2251-9041 14 1 2025 02 01 Orobanche crenata control in three faba bean varieties by soaking seeds in acetylsalicylate solutions 29 43 1685 10.48311/jcp.2025.1685 EN Ragab El-Mergawi Botany Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt. Mahmoud El-Dabaa Botany Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt. Journal Article The prevalence of Orobanche crenata on faba bean fields in the Mediterranean region is a serious problem. The chemical inducers, including salicylic acid and its analogues were reported to activate the systemic acquired resistance in plants to subsequent pathogen attacks. The effect of different concentrations of acetylsalicylate (AcSA) as presoaking treatments on O. crenata infected faba bean plants of three varieties was studied in a pot experiment under control conditions. At an early stage, before Orobanche establishment, soaking seeds in AcSA solutions at 0.4, 0.8, 1.2 and 1.6 mM varied in their effects on faba bean growth depending on their concentrations and tested varieties. Lower concentrations tended to reduce plant height and fresh and dry weight, but these growth parameters showed remarkable increases in concentration of 1.2 mM. At the budding stage, O. crenata infection significantly reduced plant biomass and pods yield for all tested varieties. Application of AcSA at o.8-1.6 mM showed a significant increase in fresh and dry biomass and pod yield of faba bean plants. AcSA at less than 1 mM resulted in a great enhancement effect on attached Orobanche by increasing the number and weights of attached tubercles and spikes. The highest AcSA concentration (1.6 mM) completely inhibited the growth and development Orobanche grown on all tested varieties and produced increases in host biomass and pod yield. Moreover, this treatment produced leaves with the highest levels of chlorophylls, phenolics, and antioxidant activity compared to other treatments. Further studies using relatively high rates of AcSA in field trials are necessary to validate their practical use.

https://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article_1685_5d79099fcdf499f12b79770834c0164a.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Crop Protection 2251-9041 14 1 2025 02 01 Mutual effects of seed-borne bacterial pathogens, Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. phaseoli and Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens in co-infected bean seeds 45 60 1686 10.48311/jcp.2025.1686 EN Faezeh Salehi Department of Plant Protection, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Cobra Moslemkhani Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO). Tehran, Iran. Nader Hasanzadeh Department of Plant Protection, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Javad Razmi Department of Plant Protection, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. Saman Sheidaee Seed and Plant Certification and Registration Institute. Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO). Tehran, Iran. Journal Article Most plant pathology research has focused on single-host–single pathogen interactions. Here, are the consequences of co-infection of bean seeds with two important seed-borne pathogens, Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. phaseoli (Xpp) and Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Cff) were investigated in terms of disease severity and bacterial population dynamics. Cff and Xpp isolates were collected from infected bean seeds and were identified by PCR with specific primers. Some physiological, pathogenicity, and antagonistic traits of Cff and Xpp were compared. These pathogens exhibited different characteristics, such as the production of extracellular compounds, including indole acetic acid, biofilm formation, and motility which can potentially affect each other and host plants. The results revealed that simultaneous infection of bean seeds with two pathogens increased the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) by 1.71 and 2.38 times compared to a single infection of those with Xpp and Cff, respectively. Pathogen populations in stems and leaves were different under co-infection and single conditions. The data exhibited that the ascending Xpp population in the leaves developed from bean seeds co-infected by Cff and Xpp resulted in a descending Cff population. Xpp isolate displayed greater motility, colonized the plant earlier than Cff, and accelerated disease onset. More biofilm production, confirmed in both pathogens, under co-infection conditions caused earlier plant death via water movement restriction. Our results substantiated that the higher pathogenicity abilities of Xpp played a more critical role in the disease progression in plants developed from bean seeds co-infected by Cff and Xpp. This study provides evidence for the co-occurrence of Xpp and Cff in nature, highlighting the importance of co-infection in common bacterial blight (CBB) and bacterial wilt (BW) disease dynamics.

https://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article_1686_b618c3210e934362ac261db280128c22.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Crop Protection 2251-9041 14 1 2025 02 01 Influence of fodder beet cultivars on the life history traits of Spodoptera exigua 61 73 1687 10.48311/jcp.2025.1687 EN Fariba Sohrabi Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran, P. O. Box: 75169-13817. Mohammad Ali Mirhosseini Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran, P. O. Box: 75169-13817. Jamin Ali College of Plant Protection, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China. Ahmet Bayram Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Dicle University, 21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey. Journal Article The beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), poses a significant threat to beet plants, adversely affecting their yield. This study assessed the demographic parameters of this pest on seven commercial fodder beet cultivars, including “Kyros”, “1025”, “Geryty”, “Alianka”, “Laciana”, “Kara”, and “Enermax” under controlled laboratory conditions (27 ± 1 °C, 65 ± 5% RH, 16:8 h L: D). We selected 70 eggs, each less than 12 hours old, from a laboratory-reared generation and monitored their development, mortality, and oviposition daily until the death of the last individual. Data were analyzed using age-stage two-sex life table approach. The duration of the immature stages varied significantly among cultivars, with the total developmental period ranging from 23.79 days on “1025” to 33.25 days on “Laciana”. Immature survival rates also differed, with the highest survival recorded for “1025” (88.57%) and the lowest for “Kyros” (37.14%). Net reproductive rates (R0) were highest for “Alianka” (385.81 offspring) and lowest for “Laciana” (110.97 offspring). The intrinsic rate of increase (r) varied across cultivars, with values of 0.149, 0.214, 0.160, 0.180, 0.125, 0.156, and 0.193. Our findings indicate that “1025” is the most susceptible cultivar to the beet armyworm, while “Laciana” is the most resistant. These results are valuable for developing targeted beet armyworm management programs in different fodder beet cultivation regions.

https://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article_1687_7fea637fd6d02b8f0adf6f7dc36aed93.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Crop Protection 2251-9041 14 1 2025 02 01 Population fluctuations of the Walnut aphids Chromaphis juglandicola and Panaphis juglandis (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and their natural enemies in Farokhshahr and Saman walnut orchards, Southwestern Iran 75 86 27587 10.48311/jcp.2025.76215.0 EN Arsalan Khalili-Moghadam Plant Protection Department, Agriculture College, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran. Institute of Biotechnology, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran. Zarir Saeidi Plant Protection Department, Agricultural and Natural Reaserch Center, Shahrekord, Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari Province, Iran. Journal Article 2024 10 10 Walnut aphids, the small walnut aphid Chromaphis juglandicola (Kaltenbach), and the large walnut aphid Panaphis juglandis (Goeze) are economic pests of walnut trees in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province Southwestern Iran. The population fluctuations of walnut aphids and their natural enemies were studied under field conditions over two successive years, 2022 and 2023. The sampling unit was a cluster of five leaves. A total of 100 samples were taken weekly from all strata upon ten chosen trees. In both years, the small walnut aphid population was continuously increasing and reached its maximum density during mid-May to late June, while the population of large walnut aphid had a short peak between mid-May and mid-June or mid-July. Field studies showed that both walnut aphids were overwintered as eggs in small seams and cracks of walnut, especially at the bases of fallen leaves. Overwintering eggs were hatched depending on the climate conditions during the third decade of March in Saman orchard and the first decade of April in Farokhshahr orchard. Our findings may provide practical information about the seasonal abundance of walnut aphids, which is useful for agricultural experts and farmers to develop effective integrated pest management (IPM) programs.

https://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article_27587_2c7dcef4ea90b05c642db06b3c128dfc.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Crop Protection 2251-9041 14 1 2025 02 01 Efficacy of granular Pesta mucilage formulation of Fusarium oxysporum for biological control of Egyptian broomrape Phelipanche aegyptiaca (Pers.) Pomel. in tomato fields 87 100 27588 10.48311/jcp.2025.76001.0 EN Moslem Taghipoor Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Ghorbanali Asadi Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Mehdi Rastgoo Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. Mahmoud Reza Karimi Shahri Department of Plant Protection Research, Khorasan Razavi Province, Agricultural Research and Training Center, Iran Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization. Journal Article 2024 10 18 One of the employed formulations in the biological control of broomrape is the application of a Pesta granular formulation using semolina, sucrose, and kaolin. In this study, the efficacy of Pseta granular formulation of Fusarium oxysporum by using 3, 5, and 10% (w/w) Psyllium seed mucilage (PSM) on Egyptian broomrape Phelipanche aegyptiaca (Pers.) Pomel. control was investigated. Natural materials were used to stimulate the germination and growth of fungal spores by providing more available foodstuffs and moisture (during the dew period) for the spores. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted in the research greenhouse during the spring and summer of 2020. The results of this study showed that the application of PSM as mucilage Pesta granules (MPGS) resulted in more effective control of Egyptian broomrape, thereby increasing the fresh and dry weight of the tomato. The lowest dry weight of Egyptian broomrape (0.22 g pot-1) and the highest dry weight of tomato (27.20 g pot-1) were observed under MPG3 treatment (10% w/w). The highest dry weight of Egyptian broomrape (1.40 g pot-1) and the lowest dry weight of tomato (21.12 g pot-1) were obtained under the MPG2 treatment (5% w/w), which was not significantly different from the control treatment (1.34 g pot-1). It was concluded that the application of PSM at 10% w/w may increase the efficacy of the Pesta granule formulation in controlling Egyptian broomrape in tomatoes.

https://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article_27588_a250c65c14391dd15c000484a2f49801.pdf

Tarbiat Modares University Journal of Crop Protection 2251-9041 14 1 2025 02 01 Compatibility and efficacy of Beauveria bassiana with selected insecticides and fungicides for managing Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) 101 115 27586 10.48311/jcp.2025.76162.0 EN Sana Lotfi Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, ‎Iran Ali Mirshekar Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, ‎Iran.‎ Abbas Khani ‎Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran‎ Mahdi Pirnia ‎, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, ‎Iran‎ Journal Article 2024 05 12 <span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), is a major pest in Iran, causing significant agricultural losses. Biological control methods are crucial for reducing reliance on chemical insecticides and fungicides, minimizing environmental pollution, and mitigating insect resistance. This study evaluated the toxicity of the insecticides flonicamid and thiocyclam, the pathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana, the compatibility of the fungicides iprodione and carbendazim, and famoxadone and cymoxanil with B. bassiana, and the efficacy of insecticide-fungus combinations against second-instar onion thrips. A completely randomized design with four replications was conducted under laboratory conditions. Results showed that LC50 values for thiocyclam, flonicamid, and B. bassiana were 4.3 mg L⁻¹<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, 2.3 mg L⁻¹<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, and 5.4 × 10⁷<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> conidia mL⁻¹<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">, respectively. Thrips mortality increased with higher concentrations and longer exposure to insecticides and B. bassiana. Flonicamid did not affect the germination or mycelial growth of B. bassiana, making it a compatible insecticide. However, iprodione + carbendazim and famoxadone + cymoxanil severely inhibited the biological activity of B. bassiana, making them unsuitable for integrated pest management (IPM). The combination of B. bassiana (6 × 10⁷<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;"> conidia mL⁻¹<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">) and flonicamid (1.2 mg L⁻¹<span style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi;">) was the most effective treatment against onion thrips. This combination could serve as an alternative to chemical insecticides in IPM programs, pending field validation. <span lang="FA" style="font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; color: black; mso-bidi-language: FA;">‎

https://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article_27586_597626eebeefc042afb36a69a049696d.pdf