ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Relatedness of proteolytic potency and virulence in entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana isolates Entomopathogenic fungi produce a variety of degrading enzymes, including proteases, chitinases and lipases, to facilitate their entry through the massive barriers of insect cuticle. Isolates of the entomopathogenic fungi vary considerably in their proteolytic activity and virulence. The proteolytic activity of different isolates has been hypothesized to reflect their virulence toward the host. In this study, we evaluated the virulence and proteolytic activity of 17 Beauveria bassiana sensu lato isolates collected from different geographical regions in Iran. The selective medium D0C2 was used for isolating B. bassiana from soil samples. Casein substrate was used for protease assay. Total mortalities caused by different B. bassiana isolates through the dipping method, ranged from 25 to 60% with the highest and lowest rates for isolates BA and MITE, respectively. Our results revealed a wide variation in both proteolytic activity and virulence among the studied isolates. Additionally, we found a strong positive correlation between the proteolytic activity on Casein substrate and virulence of the isolates against the Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium. This finding will facilitate the screening and selection process of virulent fungal isolates as efficient agents for use in biological control programs of insect pests.   http://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article-1-1245-en.pdf 2014-12-01 425 434 entomopathogenic fungus protease activity Trogoderma granarium Insect Beauveria bassiana Masume Zare 1 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. AUTHOR Reza Talaei-Hassanloui 2 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. AUTHOR Khalil-Berdi Fotouhifar 3 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Science and Engineering, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Efficacy of one botanical and three synthetic insecticides against silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hem.: Aleyrodidae) on cucumber plants in the field The silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hem.: Aleyrodidae), is a key pest of greenhouse crops. Nymphs and adults feed on plant sap and excrete honeydew, resulting in reduction of yield and quality. This pest has a high potential for developing resistant biotypes against different insecticides. Therefore, it is necessary to study the efficacy of different categories of insecticides against B. tabaci. In this research, efficacy of imidacloprid (0.5 l/ha), thiacloprid + deltamethrin (0.75 l/ha), pyrethrum (4 l/ha) andthiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin (0.3 and 0.4 l/ha) with four replications were studied in a completely randomized block design in Yazd and Bushehr provinces of Iran. Mean (± SE) efficacy of imidacloprid, thiacloprid + deltamethrin, pyrethrum andthiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin (0.3 and 0.4 l/ha) were 73.42 ± 3.41, 89.57 ± 2.86, 90.29 ± 2.79, 68.13 ± 3.37 and 75.62 ± 3.76% against B. tabaci nymphs 7 days after treatment in Yazd, respectively; while in Bushehr, they were 57.30 ± 3.37, 68.45 ± 4.65, 64.17 ± 2.87, 30.0 ± 4.56 and 53.0 ± 3.35%, respectively. Thiacloprid + deltamethrin, pyrethrum and thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin (at 0.4 l/ha) can be suitable candidates in IPM programs of B. tabaci. http://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article-1-1285-en.pdf 2014-12-01 435 441 Bemisia tabaci Insecticide efficacy Cucumber Gholamreza Golmohammadi 1 Department of Agricultural Entomology Research, IranIan Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Ali Hosseini-Gharalari 2 Department of Agricultural Entomology Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mohammadithaghi Fassihi 3 Agricultural and resource natural research, Busher province. AUTHOR Roya Arbabtafti 4 Department of Agricultural Entomology Research, Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Biodiversity of oribatid mites in two different microhabitats of Khuzestan province (Southwestern Iran) Two different microhabitats (cropped fields versus established date-palm farms) in two different cities in Khuzestan Province, Southwestern Iran, were sampled monthly during 2011-2012 in order to assess the role of anthropic uses of soil on the biodiversity of oribatid mites. A total of 17 species of oribatid mites belonging to 10 families and 15 genera were identified (nine species were collected from the fields and 17 species were collected from date-palm farms). Among the collected species, Scheloribates fimbriatus with 22% relative abundance and Acrotritia ardua with 19% were dominant species. The Shannon index of species diversity and equitability was used to analyze data. Species diversity of oribatid mites and equitability were significantly greater in the date-palm farms than in the cropped fields. Time of year had no significant effect on biodiversity.   http://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article-1-11363-en.pdf 2014-12-01 443 448 Acari Oribatida Biodiversity Date-Palm Equitability Leila Ramezani 1 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resource University, Khuzestan, Iran. AUTHOR Mohammad Mossadegh 2 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahwaz, Khuzestan, Iran. AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Impact of pyriproxyfen and methoxyfenozide on hemocytes of the Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) The Mediterranean flour moth, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, is one of the major pests in stored products worldwide. Several problems assossiated with the use of conventional insecticides have strongly demonstrated the need for applying alternative safe compounds such as insect growth regulators (IGRs). In the present study, growth regulating activity and hematological effects of pyriproxifen and methoxyfenozide were evaluated on E. kuehniella larvae. Effects of the insecticides were evaluated under laboratory conditions set at 26 ± 1 °C and 75% RH. Findings indicated that inhibition dose for fifty percent of population (ID50) was equal to 0.16 µg/mg larvae for pyriproxifen and 0.4 µg/mg larvae for methoxyfenozide, showing the considerable growth regulating effect on two-day-old fifth instar larvae. Then, influence of estimated doses were investigated on the insect hemocytes including total hemocyte count (THC) and differential hemocyte count (DHC). THC and the proportion of plasmatocytes were decreased as pyriproxifen doses increased, while, the granulocytes level was increased. In contrast, application of sublethal doses of methoxyfenozide caused a conciderable increase in THC and the plasmatocytes density, while, number of granulocytes was decreased. Since the total number of hemocytes and the proportion of plasmatocytes are very crucial in immune responses of insects, pyriproxifen could be used as an immunosuppressive pesticide in integrated control of E. kuehniella.   http://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article-1-12031-en.pdf 2014-12-01 449 458 IGRS Total hemocyte count Differential hemocyte count Plasmatocyte Granulocyte Vahid Ghasemi 1 Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Saeid Moharramipour 2 Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Jalal Jalali Sendi 3 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Faunistic study of the subfamily Conopinae (Diptera: Conopidae) in Arasbaran forests, with two new records for Iranian fauna The present paper deals with the fauna of the subfamily Conopinae in northwestern Iran. Specimens were collected, using insect net, from Arasbaran forest during 2010-2013. In total, six species belonging to two genera were identified, of which the two species, Conops longiventris Kröber, 1916 and Physocephala laticincta (Brulle, 1833), are new records from Iran. The diagnostic characters and supplementary photographs of the species are provided. http://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article-1-2276-en.pdf 2014-12-01 459 465 Northwestern Iran Conopinae Conopidae new records Samad Khaghaninia 1 University of Tabriz, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Tabriz 51664, Iran. AUTHOR Farzaneh Kazerani 2 University of Tabriz, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Tabriz 51664, Iran. AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Effect of sublethal doses of thiamethoxam and pirimicarb on functional response of Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), parasitoid of Lipaphis erysimi (Hemiptera: Aphididae) The toxicity of thiamethoxam and pirimicarb on Diaeretiella rapae (Mc'Intosh) as a parasitoid of Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach), exposed to residues on glass vials, was investigated under laboratory conditions at 23 ± 2 °C, 70 ± 5% RH and 16:8 h (L: D). Moreover, in order to find the negative impacts of both insecticides on the efficiency of D. rapae, the functional response of the exposed parasitoids were assessed. The newly emerged parasitoids were exposed to LC25 of the insecticides and distilled water as control. Host densities of 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 32 and 64 were placed on canola seedlings in a transparent cylindrical container and were offered to the treated parasitoids. Type of functional response was determined by means of logistic regression method and the parameters, attack rate (a) and handling time (Th) were calculated by nonlinear regression model using SAS software. The parasitoid exhibited type II functional response in all experiments. Attack rates in control, pirimicarb and thiamethoxam were 0.057 ± 0.01,0.059 ± 0.013 and 0.040 ± 0.01 h-1, and handling times were 1.097 ± 0.1, 1.86 ± 0.02, 2.81 ± 0.296 h, respectively. Maximum rates of parasitism (T/Th) were estimated 21.87, 12.9, 8.53 aphids, respectively. These observations suggest that pirimicarb with less harmful effects is the preferred candidate for controlling the mustard aphid. http://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article-1-4425-en.pdf 2014-12-01 467 477 Diaeretilla rapae Lipaphis erysimi functional response thiamethoxam pirimicarb Nastaran Rezaei 1 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran. AUTHOR Farhan Kocheyli 2 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran. AUTHOR Mohammad Saeed Mossadegh 3 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran. AUTHOR Khalil Talebi Jahromi 4 Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran. AUTHOR Aurang Kavousi 5 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran. AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Effect of different diets on some biological parameters of Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Chrysoperla carnea is a voracious predator. It is currently mass-reared and released for biological control programs. This study was aimed at finding out the effect of different diets on biological characteristics of adult predator, and to introduce a better and cheaper artificial diet for its mass-rearing. In order to obtain a pure and physiologically homogenous population, the predator was reared for seven successive generations in laboratory conditions. The effect of six different diets [a mixture of 30% concentrations of glucose, fructose and sucrose (1: 1: 1);, glucose, fructose, sucrose plus extract of Sitotroga cerealella eggs (1: 1); glucose, fructose, sucrose plus extract of Anagasta kuehniella eggs (1: 1);, a mixture of honey, yeast and distilled water (1: 1: 1);, honey, yeast plus extract of S. cerealella eggs (1: 1: 1) and honey, yeast plus extract of A. kuehniella eggs (1: 1: 1)] was studied on biological parameters (Pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition period,longevity of males and females, fecundity, egg hatchability and eggs remained in the ovary of females after death) of the seventh generation. Experiments were conducted under laboratory conditions (25 ± 2ºC, 60 ± 10% RH and 16L: 8Dh) with four replications and five observations. Results revealed that the mixture of honey, yeast and extract of A. kuehniella eggs (1: 1: 1), influenced the biological traits of the predator more effectively and favorably than all other diets, considering the average longevity, oviposition period and fecundity of female (37.73 ± 0.59, 28.57 ± 1.09 days, 795.0 ± 23.05 eggs, respectively), and egg hatchability (84.98 ± 0.71 %) compared to those of other diet treatments. Minimum pre-oviposition period (6.66 ± 0.49 days) was also found in adults fed by this diet. http://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article-1-15-en.pdf 2014-12-01 479 486 Diet Chrysoperla carnea biological parameters Extract Anagasta kuehniella Sitotroga cerealella Mohammad Hasan Sarailoo 1 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. AUTHOR Maliheh Lakzaei 2 Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Plant Production, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran. AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Natural enemies of the currant lettuce aphid, Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosely) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and their population fluctuations in Ahvaz, Iran Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosely) is one of the most important pests of the lettuce plant and it was reported for the first time in Ahvaz in 2008. In order to investigate the dominant species of its natural enemies and their population fluctuations, sample were taken arbitrarily from fifty plants twice a week during the growing season in 2010-2012. In this study, ten species of predators, three species of parasitoids and two species of hyperparasitoids were collected and identified. Hoverflies with a relative frequency of 55% were the dominant predators. Peaks of lacewings and subsequently ladybird beetles were more coincident with peaks of aphid population in mid-March in the first year of studies. But their densities in the second year were very low. Also, hoverflies and parasitoids were mainly observed in the high densities in late March-early April, in both years. Regression analysis indicated that populations of aphids were mainly affected by ladybird beetles and lacewings in the first year of study, as well as by ladybird beetles, hoverflies and parasitoids in the second year. Therefore, additional studies are required for further evaluation on the potential abilities of these natural enemies being a good candidates for the future biological control programs.   http://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article-1-2577-en.pdf 2014-12-01 487 497 Nasonovia ribisnigri natural enemies population fluctuation multiple regressions Biological control Afrooz Farsi 1 Department of plant protection, faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. AUTHOR Farhan Kocheili 2 Department of plant protection, faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. AUTHOR Mohammad Saeed Mossadegh 3 Department of plant protection, faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. AUTHOR Arash Rasekh 4 Department of plant protection, faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran. University of Ahvaz AUTHOR Mehrzad Tavoosi 5 Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center of Khuzestan-Ahvaz. AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Induction of resistance in tomato against root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica with salicylic acid The effect of salicylic acid (SA) on induction of resistance against root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) and the effect of M. javanica to induce biochemical defense responses in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) roots at six-leaf stage were investigated. Meanwhile, the effect of different concentrations of SA on mortality of second stage juveniles of M. javanica was examined. Changes in the activity of cytoplasmic peroxidase (POX), catalase (CAT) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) enzymes in the roots of tomato seedlings were measured during seven successive days after inoculation with M. javanica in greenhouse. SA was used as soil drench and leaf spray. The efficiency of treatments were evaluated by measuring diameter of galls, number of galls per plant, number of egg masses per plant, number of eggs per individual egg mass, root and foliage fresh weights. The results showed that use of SA as soil drench and leaf spray significantly reduce diameter of galls 28% and 32%, number of galls per plant 40% and 44%, number of egg masses per plant 45% and 49% and number of eggs per individual egg mass 53% and 55% compared to control (inoculated with nematode only). The activity of the enzymes (POX, CAT and PAL) increased in comparison with plants treated with distilled water. The maximum level of larva mortality was observed at 7 mM SA with no significant difference at concentration of 6 mM. SA caused 21.2% mortality of larvae at concentration of 5 mM.     http://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article-1-11580-en.pdf 2014-12-01 499 508 Salicylic acid Meloidogyne javanica Peroxidase Catalase Phenylalanine ammonia lyase Hadis Mostafanezhad 1 Department of Plant Protection Aboureyhan Campus, University of Tehran, P. O. Box: 11365/4117, Pakdasht, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Navazollah Sahebani 2 Department of Plant Protection Aboureyhan Campus, University of Tehran, P. O. Box: 11365/4117, Pakdasht, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Shaheen Nourinejhad Zarghani 3 Department of Plant Protection Aboureyhan Campus, University of Tehran, P. O. Box: 11365/4117, Pakdasht, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Evaluation of gamma-induced mutants of Trichoderma harzianum for biological control of charcoal rot of melon (Macrophomina phaseolina) in laboratory and greenhouse conditions Macrophomina phaseolina is one of the major yield limiting factors of melons in tropical and subtropical regions. For eco-friendly and effective management of the disease, 24 gamma induced mutants from Trichoderma harzianum were evaluated against three isolates of the pathogen representing three geographically different regions viz. Khorasan (isolate 1), Garmsar (isolate 2) and Khuzestan (isolate 3). The isolates of Trichoderma (mutants and wild type) were evaluated against the pathogen in dual culture and through production of volatile and non-volatile inhibitors. Maximum growth inhibition was observed in Th1, Th4, Th15, Th9 and Th22 mutants after three days. In greenhouse evaluation against M. phaseolina (isolate 1) among the inoculated treatments minimum plant infection was observed in Th9 treatment (28% disease reduction) as compared to infected control and among the uninoculated treatments Th1and Th9 mutants resulted in maximum growth of roots and shoots of melon plants as compared to uninfected control. These mutants are introduced as potential candidates against M. Phaseolina. The results proved that gamma-mutagenesis by enhancing the antagonistic properties of T. harzianum 65 can be useful for the biocontrol of soil borne plant pathogens such as Macrophomina phaseolina. http://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article-1-2500-en.pdf 2014-12-01 509 521 Charcoal rot of melon Improvement biocontrol ability Gamma-mutagenesis Trichoderma harzianum Sakineh Abbasi 1 Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University of Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Naser Safaie 2 Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University of Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Masoud Shams-bakhsh 3 Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University of Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Preliminary study of Lauxaniid flies (Diptera: Luxaniidae) of Horand in the East Azerbaijan province with two new records for the Iranian fauna In order to identify the species of the family Lauxaniidae, a study was conducted in Horand region located in Northern part of East Azerbaijan province, Iran, during 2011-2013. A total of six species belonging to three genera were identified, including Calliopum caucasicum (Shatalkin, 1995) and Minettia lupulina (Fabricius, 1787) newly reported from Iran. The diagnostic characters, geographical distribution and photos of the studied species are given. http://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article-1-1849-en.pdf 2014-12-01 523 529 Lauxaniidae new records Horand East Azerbaijan province Iran Samad Khaghaninia 1 University of Tabriz, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, P. O. Box: 51664, Tabriz, Iran. AUTHOR Ebrahim Zarghani 2 University of Tabriz, Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, P. O. Box: 51664, Tabriz, Iran. AUTHOR Anatole shatalkin 3 Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE A review of applicable methodologies for variable-rate spraying of orchards based on canopy characteristics Variable rate spray applications using proportional control systems can greatly reduce pesticide use and off-target contamination of environment in orchards. Variable rate spraying of the canopy allows growers to apply pesticides only to the target, only use the correct quantity according to canopy size, season and growth stage and to apply plant protection products in an economic and environmentally sound manner. A major challenge is the reduction of agrochemicals used as Plant Protection Products (PPP) while achieving suitable deposition on the canopy. Spraying efficiency can be improved by reducing the spray losses associated with deposition on the ground and off-target drift. Adjustment of application rate proportional to the size and shape of tree crops has shown high potential for reducing agrochemicals in automatically controlled sprayers. In recent years target detection methods have been developed by using advanced techniques such as vision and laser scanning systems or simpler ultrasound, infrared and spectral systems. These systems have made it possible to develop geometric maps of trees allowing site-specific management of orchards. Variable rate spraying can thus be utilized as a methodology for applying the required amount of PPPs to the canopy while preventing over dosage as well as drift. Utilization of sensors to monitor canopy, distances and location ensures better use of expensive inputs, resulting in a sustainable approach to an important practice. This paper discusses various methodologies available for determination of canopy structural parameters and introduces some applicable commercial systems while pointing out their similarities and differences.   http://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article-1-5376-en.pdf 2014-12-01 531 542 Variable-rate spraying Target detection system Ultrasonic sensors Canopy structural characteristics Hossein Maghsoudi 1 Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. AUTHOR Saeid Minaei 2 Department of Agricultural Machinery Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Braconidae diversity (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) in alfalfa, Medicago sativa L., fields of some Western Desert Oases in Egypt A total of 29 species in 16 genera and 8 subfamilies of the braconids (Hym., Braconidae) were collected from alfalfa fields in Bahariya and Farafra oases (Western Desert, Egypt) These species were identified, together with details of the sites where they were found and an indication of their relative abundance in each site. Among the samples, 4 species in 4 genera and 3 subfamilies are recorded as new to the Egyptian fauna. These are: Aphidius asteris Haliday, 1834, Ephedrus plagiator (Nees, 1811) (Aphidiinae), Homolobus (Chartolobus) infumator (Lyle, 1914) (Homolobinae) and Opius lugens Haliday, 1837 (Opiinae). Thirteen braconid species are also newly recorded in association with alfalfa fields, namely A. asteris; Praon necans Mackaeur, 1959 (Aphidiinae); Habrobracon hebetor (Say, 1836) (Braconinae); Chelonus basalis Curtis, 1837; Ch. blackburni Cameron, 1886; Ch. oculator (Fabricius, 1775); Phanerotoma leucobasis Kriechbaumeri, 1894 (Cheloninae); Dinocampus coccinellae (Schrank, 1802) (Euphorinae); H. (C.) infumator (Lyle, 1914) (Homolobinae); Apanteles appellator Telenga, 1949; Cotesia glomerata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Microgastrinae); Psyttalia concolor (Szépligeti, 1910) and P. nilotica (Schmiedeknechti, 1900) (Opiinae). http://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article-1-4115-en.pdf 2014-12-01 543 556 Braconidae Alfalfa Bahariya Oasis Farafra Oasis new records Egypt Usama Mohamed Abu El-Ghiet 1 Plant Protection Department Desert Research Center, Mataria, Cairo, Egypt. AUTHOR Yusuf Abd-Elaziz Edmardash 2 Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt. AUTHOR Neveen Samy Gadallah 3 Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Egypt. AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE A newly recorded species of the genus Haplothrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) from Iran Haplothripsverbasci (Osborn) is recorded from Iran for the first time. The specimens of this species were collected on flowers of Verbascum thapsus (Scrophulariaceae) from Hamedan Province, western Iran.     http://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article-1-6088-en.pdf 2014-12-01 557 561 Thysanoptera Medicinal plants new record Iran Majid Mirab-balou 1 Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran. AUTHOR
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE Shot hole disease, survival and pathogenicity of the causal agent on stone fruit trees in Northeast Iran Shot hole caused by Wilsonomyces carpophilus is one of the main constraints to prune fruit production in Iran particularly in Khorasan Razavi province. It causes foliage shot hole in spring and early summer; fruit-spotting and cankers on limbs and twigs during autumn rains. The fungus was isolated from the lesions of twigs and was purified on PDA. The pathogenicity and virulence on detached twigs of stone fruit tree species was examined in vitro. Virulence of the pathogen as measured by lesion length was significantly different among the different host species, showing the nectarine as the most susceptible species. In contrast to other hosts, sour cherry did not show any canker on shoots or twigs and disease progress was just as tissue colonization by the fungus hyphae. However, other species such as prune, cherry, apricot and almond did not show significant differences. The results of bud and shoot evaluations indicated that the fungus overwinters as hyphae and conidia in buds, and in the form of hyphae as well as thick-walled globular chlamydospores in twigs. Additionally, viability of recovered conidia ranged from 33 to 90% throughout the dormant season. A better understanding of disease cycle and survival mode of the fungus will help to manage and prevent the disease. http://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article-1-264-en.pdf 2014-12-01 563 572 Shot-hole disease overwintering Virulence stone fruit shoots Azam Youssefi 1 Department of Plant Protection, Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Mashhad, Iran. AUTHOR Mohammad Hajian Shahri 2 Department of Plant Protection, Khorasan Razavi Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Mashhad, Iran. AUTHOR